Chapter 15, Section 3: The New Deal Affects Many Groups

(New Deal: Mexican Americans) Did Mexican Americans tend to support the New Deal?

Yes

(New Deal: African Americans: Mary McLeod Bethune) What did she help organize?

a "Black Cabinet"

(New Deal: African Americans: Black Cabinet) What is the "Black Cabinet"?

a group of influential African Americans that advised the Roosevelt administration on racial issues

(New Deal: African Americans: Marian Anderson) What major cultural event was Eleanor Roosevelt responsible for?

a performance by African-American singer Marian Anderson in 1939

(Labor Unions) What began to happen in these industries?

a struggle for dominance within the labor movement began to grow

(New Deal: African Americans) What did Roosevelt do for African Americans for the New Deal?

appointed more than 100 to key government positions

(Election of 1936) How did FDR reinforce his support?

appointed officials of urban-immigrant backgrounds, such as Roman Catholics and Jews, to government positions

(New Deal: Women) What did FDR do at the encouragement of his wife, Eleanor, and women votes?

appointed two female diplomats and a female federal judge

(Labor Unions) How did they view FDR?

as a "friend of labor"

(Labor Unions: Disputes: Memorial Day Massacre) What did this help?

helped labor gain strength during the 1930s

(New Deal: Women) What did the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the Civil Works Administration do?

hired more men than women

(New Deal: Women) What did the Civilian Conservation Corps do?

hired only men

(New Deal: African Americans) What did the group do?

protect the rights of tenant farmers and sharecroppers, both white and black

(New Deal Coalition) What happened as a result of this?

Democrats dominated politics throughout the 1930s and 40s

(New Deal: Mexican Americans) Where did most of them find work?

laboring on farms

(Labor Unions) What did union members earn due to the Wagner Act and other prolabor legislation under the New Deal?

- better working conditions - increased bargaining power

(New Deal: African Americans: FDR) What did he refuse to pass?

- a federal antilynching law - an end to the poll tax - both were key goals of the civil rights movement

(New Deal: African Americans: Mary McLeod Bethune) Who was Mary McLeod Bethune?

- an educator who dedicated herself to promoting opportunities for young African Americans - one of the African Americans appointed

(New Deal: Women) How did the percentage of married women in the workplace grow from 1930 to 1940?

- 1930: 11.7% - 1940: 15.6%

(New Deal: Women) Who was Frances Perkins?

- America's first female cabinet member - secretary of labor

(Labor Unions: CIO) Who were some of the key labor leaders involved in its creation?

- John L. Lewis (the United Mine Workers of America) - David Dubinsky (the International Ladies Garment Workers)

(New Deal: Native Americans: IRA) How did this act help in the economic area?

- Native American lands would belong to an entire tribe - strengthened Native American land claims by prohibiting the government from taking over unclaimed reservation lands and selling them to people other than Native Americans

(Election of 1936) What was FDR's appeal to these groups based on?

- New Deal labor laws - work-relief programs

(Election of 1936) Who did FDR earn support from?

- Roman Catholics - Jews - Italians - Irish - Polish - Slavic people - African Americans

(New Deal Coalition) Who did it include?

- Southern whites - various urban groups - African Americans - unionized industrial workers

(New Deal: African Americans: Black Cabinet) Who were some of the members of the Black Cabinet?

- William H. Hastie - Robert C. Weaver

(New Deal: Native Americans: IRA) How was the act criticized?

- by Natives who had become "Americanized" as individual landowners under the Dawes Act - they were tired of white people telling them what to do

(Labor Unions) Who did unionization affect?

- coal miners - workers in mass-production industries (automobile, rubber, and electrical industries)

(Labor Unions) What did labor unions do to help FDR?

- donated money to his reelection campaign - pledged their votes to him

(New Deal: African Americans: FDR) How?

- gave lower wages to African Americans - favored whites

(New Deal: Native Americans: IRA) What did this act do?

- moved away from assimilation and toward Native autonomy - helped restore some reservation lands to tribal ownership - mandated changes in three areas (economic, cultural, political)

(New Deal: African Americans) Who was A. Philip Randolph?

- organized the country's first all-black trade union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - his work (and others) laid the groundwork for the civil rights movement

(Labor Unions: Disputes: Memorial Day Massacre) What happened?

- police attacked striking steelworkers outside the plant - 10 were killed, 84 wounded

(New Deal: Native Americans) How did Natives receive strong support from the New Deal?

- received full citizenship by law in 1924 - FDR appointed John Collier as commissioner of Indian affairs

(New Deal: Native Americans: IRA) How did this act help in the cultural area?

- reduced number of boarding schools for Native children - children could attend school on the reservation

(New Deal: Women) What did the National Recovery Administration do?

- set wage codes - some of these wage codes set lower minimum wages for women

(New Deal: African Americans) How did most African Americans view FDR and the New Deal?

- supported it - saw it as their best hope for the future

(New Deal: Mexican Americans) Which New Deal groups helped some Mexican Americans?

- the CCC - the WPA

(New Deal: African Americans: FDR) Which New Deal agencies discriminated against African Americans?

- the NRA - the CCC - the TVA

(New Deal: Women) What groups got mixed results for gender equality?

- the National Recovery Administration - the Federal Emergency Relief Administration - the Civil Works Administration - the Civilian Conservation Corps

(New Deal: Native Americans: IRA) How did this act help in the political area?

- tribes were given permission to elect tribal councils to govern their reservations

(New Deal: Women) What did a Gallup poll in 1936 report?

82% of Americans said a wife should not work if her husband did

(New Deal: African Americans: Black Cabinet) Who were they both appointed as?

Department of Interior

(New Deal: African Americans: FDR) Was Roosevelt ever committed to full civil rights for African Americans?

No

(Labor Unions: AFL) What were they traditionally restricted to?

craft unions, such as carpenters and electricians

(New Deal Coalition) What was the New Deal Coalition?

created by FDR, an alignment of diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Democratic Party

(New Deal: African Americans) What did African Americans in the North do?

created tenants' groups and launched campaigns to increase job opportunities

(New Deal: Mexican Americans) How did these agencies discriminate against them?

disqualified migrant workers who had no permanent address

(Labor Unions) What did some key labor leaders do, due to their frustration towards this belief?

formed the Committee for Industrial Orgnization

(Labor Unions) How much did union membership grow from 1933 to 1941?

from less than 3 million to more than 10 million

(Labor Unions: CIO) What did they achieve in 2 years?

gained union recognition in the steel and automobile industries

(Labor Unions: AFL) What did most AFL leaders oppose?

industrywide unions that represented all workers in a given industry

(New Deal: Mexican Americans) What was unique about this job?

it was essentially unprotected by state and federal laws

(New Deal: Women) How did women face discrimination?

male workers believed women were taking away jobs from men

(Labor Unions: Disputes: Strikes) What did this prevent?

owners from carrying on production with strikebreakers

(New Deal: Women) What was one of the most notable changes during the New Deal?

naming women to important government positions

(Labor Unions: CIO) What was their goal?

organize industrial unions

(New Deal: African Americans: Marian Anderson) What did she arrange for Anderson to do?

perform at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday

(Election of 1936) Where did support for the Democratic Party surge?

places such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago

(New Deal: Native Americans: IRA) How was this act praised?

praised by Natives who valued their tribal traditions as an important step forward

(New Deal: African Americans: Marian Anderson) What did Eleanor Roosevelt do as a response to this?

resigned from the organization

(Labor Unions: Disputes) What was one of the main bargaining tactics of labor unions in the 1930s?

sit-down strikes

(New Deal: African Americans: Mary McLeod Bethune) What did she work to ensure?

that the NYA hired African-American administrators and provided job training and other benefits to minority students

(Labor Unions: AFL) What was the AFL?

the American Federation of Labor

(Labor Unions: CIO) What did they change their name to?

the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

(New Deal: African Americans: Marian Anderson) What was the background of this event?

the Daughters of the American Revolution chose not to allow Anderson to perform at their concert hall in Washington, D.C.

(New Deal: Native Americans: Collier) What did he help to create?

the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

(Labor Unions: Disputes: Memorial Day Massacre) What happened in the aftermath?

the National Labor Relations Board required the head of Republic Steel, Tom Girdler to negotiate with the union

(New Deal: Women) What did she play a role in creating?

the Social Security system and supervised labor legislation

(New Deal: African Americans) What did African Americans create to improve conditions in areas that the New Deal ignored?

the Southern Tenant Farmers Union

(New Deal: Mexican Americans) Where did large numbers of Mexican Americans settle in during the 1920s?

the Southwest

(Labor Unions: Disputes) What was one of the most dramatic non-peaceful clashes?

the clash at the Republic Steel plant in Chicago on Memorial Day

(New Deal: African Americans: Mary McLeod Bethune) What was she hired as?

the head of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration

(Election of 1936) Who did this aid?

the urban poor

(Election of 1936) How did these cities help with the election?

their political organization provided services, such as jobs, in exchange for votes

(Labor Unions: Disputes: Strikes) Why were some Americans opposed to the sit-down strike?

they believed it was a violation of private property

(New Deal: Mexican Americans) Despite what?

they received fewer benefits than African Americans

(Labor Unions: CIO) What happened to the CIO in 1938?

they were expelled from the AFL

(New Deal: Mexican Americans) What happened to farm workers who tried to unionize?

they were met with violence from employers and government authorities

(New Deal: Mexican Americans) How far did farm wages fall during the Depression?

to as a little as 9 cents an hour

(Labor Unions: CIO) Who did the committee sign?

unskilled and semi-skilled workers

(Labor Unions: CIO) How long did the split last?

until 1955

(New Deal: African Americans: FDR) What was he afraid of?

upsetting white Democratic voters in the South (who were important voters)

(Labor Unions: Disputes: Strikes) What is a sit-down strike?

workers remained inside the plants, but did not work