Chapter 15- The Special Senses- Multiple Choice

11) Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________. A) is not a living tissue B) has no nerve supply C) has no blood supply D) does not contain connective tissue

C

23) What is a modiolus? A) bone in the center of a semicircular canal B) bone around the cochlea C) a bone pillar in the center of the cochlea D) a bony area around the junction of the facial, vestibular, and cochlear nerves

C

Which of the following is the best explanation for why night vision is fuzzy and indistinct? Select one: a. The foveae are densely packed with cones. b. Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment. c. Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light. d. As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell.

a. The foveae are densely packed with cones.

Pinkeye is an infection of the __________ of the eye. Select one: a. conjunctiva b. palpebrae c. lacrimal apparatus d. cornea

a. conjunctiva

The structure most responsible for focusing light rays that enter the eye. Select one: a. Retina b. Aqueous humor c. Lens d. Fovea centralise. Cornea

c. Lens

Which of the following is the best explanation for our perception of color? Select one: a. Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment. b. The foveae are densely packed with cones. c. As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell. d. Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light.

d. Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light.

7) Farsightedness is more properly called ________. A) myopia B) hypopia C) hyperopia D) presbyopia

C.) hyperopia

42) An essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium is (are) the ________. A) spiral organ (of Corti) B) cupula C) scala media D) otoliths

D

Which of the following terms is a synonym for eyelids? Select one: a. Palpebrae b. Commissures c. Tarsal plates d. Caruncles

a. Palpebrae

Which of the following is the best explanation of why it is difficult to discriminate the color of an object at night? Select one: a. As many as 100 cones may converge on one ganglion cell b. The foveae are densely packed with cones. c. Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment. d. Cones come in three types, each sensitive to different wavelengths of light.

c. Rods contain a single kind of visual pigment.

Of the following senses, which accounts for the majority of sensory receptors in the body? Select one: a. Hearing b. Gustation c. Vision d. Olfaction

c. Vision

Glaucoma is a disorder in which: Select one: a. the retina and optic nerve are compressed b. the scleral venous sinus becomes blocked. c. all of the above occur d. intraocular pressure increases

c. all of the above occur

The elasticity of the lens decreases with age. This leads to which of the following? Select one: a. lowered accommodation of the pupillary reflex and blurry vision b. less light getting to the retina and diminished visual acuity c. less accommodation of the lenses and difficulty focusing on nearby objects d. a clouding of the lenses know as a cataract

c. less accommodation of the lenses and difficulty focusing on nearby objects

The formation of rainbows reflects the fact that: Select one: a. light travels in a linear fashion b. during rain showers, an abundance of electromagnetic energy is available c. visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light d. X rays become visible by reflecting off of raindrops

c. visible light consists of multiple wavelengths of light

⭐in a person who is color blind, which of the following would you most expect to see? Select one: a. a loss of their peripheral vision b. a loss of functions in the rods of their retina c. an inability to regenerate 11-cis-retinal after bleaching d. absence of green or red cones in their foveae

d. absence of green or red cones in their foveae

Overlap in the visual fields of our eyes ________. Select one: a. leaves a blind spot anterior to the nose and in the lateral fields of vision b. gives us higher visual acuity for small detail by doubling the number of photoreceptors that are being stimulated c. is essentially a waste of brain processing for what is essentially the same image d. allows us to subconsciously estimate the distance of objects based on the different angles the image strikes our two retinas

d. allows us to subconsciously estimate the distance of objects based on the different angles the image strikes our two retinas

Sympathetic innervation is more predominant during __________.Select one: a. myopic vision b. accommodation of the lenses c. close vision d. distant vision

d. distant vision

The cornea is actually part of the __________ layer of the eye. Select one: a. scleral b. vascular c. sensory d. fibrous

d. fibrous

If you shine a light into one eye both pupils will constrict. The best explanation for this is ________. Select one: a. information from one eye is directly and immediately transferred to the other eye to maintain alignment of the eyes b. a small portion of light always enters the other eye c. this in fact does not occur and information from both eyes is always separated d. sensory input from the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information

d. sensory input from the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information

Helps maintain the intraocular pressure; located in the anterior part of the eye. Select one: a. Fovea centralis b. Cornea c. Retina d. Lens e. Aqueous humor

e. Aqueous humor

Match the following: The sensory layer of the eye. Select one: a. Fovea centralis b. Lens c. Cornea d. Aqueous humor e. Retina

e. Retina

12) The oval window is connected directly to which passageway? A) scala vestibuli B) external auditory meatus C) pharyngotympanic tube D) scala tympani

A

15) As sound levels increase in the spiral organ (of Corti), ________. A) outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane B) outer hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium C) inner hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane D) inner hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium

A

22) The ciliary body does not ________. A) belong to the anterior chamber of the eye B) pull on the ciliary zonule C) secrete aqueous humor D) attach to the iris

A

35) Which pairing of terms is incorrectly related? A) frequency: loudness B) quality: multiple frequencies C) frequency: pitch D) frequency: wavelength

A

36) Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by ________. A) substances in solution B) stretching of the receptor cells C) the movement of otoliths D) movement of a cupula

A

40) Tinnitis, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called ________. A) Ménièreʹs syndrome B) conjunctivitis C) strabismus D) motion sickness

A

45) Which of the following is true about photoreceptors? A) Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision. B) In dim light, images are focused directly on the rods in the fovea centralis. C) Three types of color-sensitive photoreceptors exist: red, green, and yellow. D) If all cones are stimulated equally, all colors are absorbed by the cones and the color perceived is black.

A

51) Which statement about sound localization is not true? A) It requires processing at the cortical level. B) It requires input from both ears. C) It uses time differences between sound reaching the two ears. D) It is difficult to discriminate sound sources in the midline.

A

⭐3) Receptors for hearing are located in the ________. A) cochlea B) semicircular canals C) tympanic membrane D) vestibule

A.) cochlea

13) There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the optic nerves? A) bipolar cells B) ganglion cells C) cone cells D) rod cells

B

14) The first ʺway stationʺ in the visual pathway from the eye, after there has been partial crossover of the fibers in the optic chiasma, is the ________. A) superior colliculi B) lateral geniculate body of the thalamus C) visual cortex D) temporal lobe

B

17) Taste buds are not found ________. A) in fungiform papillae B) in filiform papillae C) in circumvallate papillae D) lining the buccal cavity

B

18) Select the correct statement about olfaction. A) Olfactory receptors have a high degree of specificity toward a single type of chemical. B) Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain. C) Substances must be volatile and hydrophobic in order to activate olfactory receptors. D) Olfactory adaptation is only due to fading of receptor cell response.

B

19) Photoreceptors ________. A) replicate to replace damaged cells, in order to maintain normal vision B) package visual pigment in membrane-bound discs, which increases the efficiency of light trapping C) possess an inner segment, which is the receptor region D) called cones possess a short conical inner segment

B

21) U.S. employees must wear hearing protection at ________ dB or above. A) 100 B) 90 C) 80 D) 70

B

24) Which statement about malnutrition-induced night blindness is most accurate? A) The most common cause is vitamin D deficiency. B) Vitamin supplements will reverse degenerative changes. C) Visual pigment content is reduced in both rods and cones. D) The impaired vision is caused by reduced cone function.

B

26) Conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the ________. A) thalamus B) occipital lobe of the cortex C) chiasma D) superior colliculus

B

32) Most newborns ________. A) are myopic B) often use only one eye at a time C) see in tones of red and green only D) cry with copious tears

B

37) Which of the following could not be seen as one looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope? A) macula lutea B) optic chiasma C) fovea centralis D) optic disk

B

4) Presbyopia is not ________. A) the loss of elasticity of the lens B) the unequal curvature of refracting surfaces C) common in individuals over 50 D) called ʺold personʹs visionʺ

B

41) Which of the following is not a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells? A) They are ciliated. B) They are unipolar neurons. C) They are chemoreceptors. D) They have a short life span of about 60 days.

B

43) Which of the following is true about light and vision? A) Human photoreceptors respond to light in the 100-300 nm range. B) When we see the color of an object, all light is being absorbed by that object except for the color being experienced. C) Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that slows down as it enters a medium of relatively less density. D) The greater the incident angle of light striking a refractive surface, the less the amount of light bending.

B

46) Select the correct statement about equilibrium. A) The weight of the endolymph contained within the semicircular canals against the maculae is responsible for static equilibrium. B) Cristae respond to angular acceleration. C) Hair cells of both types of equilibrium hyperpolarize only, resulting in an increased rate of impulse transmission. D) Due to dynamic equilibrium, movement can be perceived if rotation of the body continues at a constant rate.

B

48) The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are ________. A) basal cells B) gustatory hairs C) fungiform papillae D) taste buds

B

49) Light passes through the following structures in which order? A) vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea B) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor C) cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor D) aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor

B

52) As sound intensity increases, we hear the sound as a louder sound at the same pitch. This suggests that ________. A) 540-Hz-receptive cells are particularly refractory B) cochlear cells that respond to the same pitch vary in responsiveness C) the timing of the cochlear vibrations encodes the pitch D) inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are building up in the auditory cortex

B

55) ________ is a disorder of the olfactory nerves. A) Uncinate fits B) Anosmias C) Scotoma D) Otalgia

B

57) Ceruminous glands are ________. A) saliva glands found at the base of the tongue B) modified apocrine sweat glands C) glands found in the lateral corners of your eye D) modified taste buds

B

6) The receptor for static equilibrium is the ________. A) semicircular canals B) macula C) utricle D) cochlear duct

B

8) Inhibitory cells in the olfactory bulbs are called ________. A) mitral cells B) granule cells C) sustentacular cells D) basal cells

B

16) Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors? A) In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic. B) The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli. C) Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes. D) All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation.

C

27) The optic radiations project to the ________. A) medial retina B) lateral geniculate body C) primary visual cortex D) optic chiasma

C

29) Information from balance receptors goes directly to the ________. A) motor cortex B) visual cortex C) brain stem reflex centers D) back muscles

C

31) In the uterus ________. A) the fetus cannot see and therefore visual cortical connections are not made B) the fetus can see only light and shadow, but not forms, so partial visual connections are made C) despite the fact that the fetus cannot see, functional visual cortical connections are established D) scanty visual connections are made that proliferate greatly during infancy

C

34) The first vestiges of eyes in the embryo are called ________. A) mesenchyme B) optic discs C) optic vesicles D) optic cups

C

38) The cells of the retina in which action potentials are generated are the ________. A) rods and cones B) bipolar cells C) ganglion cells D) amacrine cells

C

39) During dark adaptation ________. A) the sensitivity of the retina decreases B) the rate of rhodopsin breakdown is accelerated C) rhodopsin accumulates in the rods D) the cones are activated

C

44) The tarsal plate of the eyelid ________. A) is composed of connective tissue surrounding a thin cartilage plate B) is connected to the superior rectus muscle C) is connected to the levator palpebrae D) assists in the act of winking

C

47) The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the ________. A) lateral rectus B) superior oblique C) inferior oblique D) medial rectus

C

50) Damage to the medial recti muscles would probably affect ________. A) refraction B) accommodation C) convergence D) pupil constriction

C

53) Which of the following is not a possible cause of conduction deafness? A) impacted cerumen B) middle ear infection C) cochlear nerve degeneration D) otosclerosis

C

54) Visual processing in the thalamus does not contribute significantly to ________. A) depth perception B) high-acuity vision C) night vision D) movement perception

C

10) Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye ________. A) go to the superior colliculus only B) pass posteriorly without crossing over at the chiasma C) divide at the chiasma, with some crossing and some not crossing D) cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma

D

20) Olfactory glands function to ________. A) produce olfactory cells B) assist in detection of odors C) produce Ca+ ions that are taken up by the olfactory receptor cells for their use D) secrete mucus

D

25) Dark adaptation ________. A) is much faster than light adaptation B) results in inhibition of rod function C) involves improvement of acuity and color vision D) involves accumulation of rhodopsin

D

28) Visual inputs to the ________ serve to synchronize biorhythms with natural light and dark. A) pretectal nuclei B) lateral geniculate body C) superior colliculi D) suprachiasmatic nucleus

D

30) Motion sickness seems to ________. A) respond best to medication taken after salivation and pallor begins B) respond best to medication that ʺboostsʺ vestibular inputs C) result from activation of nausea centers in the brain stem D) result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs

D

33) The blind spot of the eye is ________. A) where more rods than cones are found B) where the macula lutea is located C) where only cones occur D) where the optic nerve leaves the eye

D

5) The oil component found in tears is produced by the ________. A) lacrimal glands B) ciliary gland C) conjunctiva D) tarsal glands

D

9) Which of the following structures is not part of the external ear? A) pinna B) external auditory meatus C) tympanic membrane D) pharyngotympanic tube

D

⭐56) Visible light fits between ________. A) X rays and UV B) gamma rays and infrared C) microwaves and radio waves D) UV and infrared

D) UV and infrared

⭐2) What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye? A) aqueous humor B) lens C) cornea D) iris

D.) Iris

Color vision has much greater resolution than night vision (vision that is mostly in shades of gray). Which of the following is the best explanation for why this is so? Select one: a. A single cone photoreceptor often connects to a single bipolar cell and a single ganglion cell while as many as 100 rods will converge to a single ganglion cell. b. There are several types of cone photoreceptors, each of which enrich the clarity and resolution of vision. c. A larger proportion of the brain's visual cortex is active during the day when our cone photo receptors are most active. d. There are many more cone photoreceptors in the eye than rod photoreceptors.

a. A single cone photoreceptor often connects to a single bipolar cell and a single ganglion cell while as many as 100 rods will converge to a single ganglion cell.

Humans can see several thousand shades of color but have cone photoreceptors that are sensitive to only three (perhaps four) wavelengths of light. What is the best explanation for why we see so many colors? Select one: a.Color perception is achieved by activation of various combinations between the three cone types. b. Color perception is dependent on the millions of rods as well as cone photoreceptors. c. Colors are added and enhanced in the primary visual cortex of the brain. d. Shades of color are purely psychological and learned by association with age, infants only seeing in black and white.

a. Color perception is achieved by activation of various combinations between the three cone types.

Photoreceptors are modified neurons. However, they differ from most neurons in the fact that ________. Select one: a. photoreceptors will hyperpolarize when stimulated b. photoreceptors do not release neurotransmitters c. photoreceptors are sensitive to energy changes in the external environment d. photoreceptors do not have fluctuations in membrane potential

a. photoreceptors will hyperpolarize when stimulated

Sympathetic fibers innervating the iris of the eye cause which response? Select one: a.Rapid blinking b. Dilation c. Papillary decrease d. Constriction

b. Dilation

Area of greatest visual acuity. Select one: a. Lens b. Fovea centralis c. Retina d. Aqueous humor e. Cornea

b. Fovea centralis

In order to turn the eye straight down, the actions of the __________ muscle(s) is (are) required. Select one: a. inferior rectus and lateral rectus b. inferior rectus and superior oblique c. superior rectus and superior oblique d. inferior rectus

b. inferior rectus and superior oblique

Nutrients are delivered and waste products are carried away from the cells of the posterior segment of the eye by blood vessels. However, the cells in the cornea and lens (in the anterior segment) are avascular. Which is the best explanation for how these cells are maintained? Select one: a. The nutrients and waste products of the anterior segment diffuse into and through the vitreous humor of the posterior segment. b. The metabolic activity of these cells is very low. They produce little waste and need few nutrients. c. The aqueous humor is continuously replenished and flows from the ciliary process to drain in the scleral venous sinus. d. These cells, like the cells of the corneal layer of the integument are not living cells.

c. The aqueous humor is continuously replenished and flows from the ciliary process to drain in the scleral venous sinus.

Select the statement below that is not true with regards to the process of light adaptation. Select one: a. Rhodopsin is uncoupled from light transduction. b. The activity of rods is reduced by rapid bleaching of rhodopsin. c. Visual acuity is diminished. d. Retinal sensitivity decreases.

c. Visual acuity is diminished.