Chapter 15: Therapy POWERPOINTS AND HANDOUTS ONLY

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) (book defn)

: a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). (p. 556)

Operant conditioning

-enables therapists to use BEHAVIOR MOD ----DESIRED behaviors are REWARDED ---UNDESIRED behaviors are PUNISHED -token economy: exchange tokens earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various PRIVILEGES or TREATS works great with children and addicts

exposure therapies

-expose patients to things they FEAR and AVOID -through REPEATED exposures, ANXIETY LESSENS because they habituate to the things feared -can be done in REAL or VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS -systematic desensitization

_____ sought to reverse the catastrophizing beliefs people have about themselves through the use of gentle questioning.

Aaron Beck

Operant conditioning is to ______ as classical conditioning is to _____.

token economy; exposure therapy

In psychoanalysis, patients may experience strong feelings for their analyst, which is called __________. Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around sensitive memories-showing __________. The analyst will attempt to offer insight into the underlying anxiety by offering a(n) __________ of the mental blocks.

transference; resistance; interpretation

Given a nonjudgmental, grace-filled environment that provides _____, people may accept their worst traits and feel valued and whole.

unconditional positive regard

_____ uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.

Counterconditioning

How do the humanistic and cognitive therapies differ?

By reflecting clients' feelings in a nondirective setting, the humanistic therapies attempt to foster personal growth by helping clients become more self-aware and self-accepting. By making clients aware of self-defeating patterns of thinking, cognitive therapies guide people toward more adaptive ways of thinking about themselves and their world.

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. (pp. 433, 550) How can we develop our own communication strengths by listening more actively in our own relationships? Three Rogerian hints may help: 1.Paraphrase. Rather than saying "I know how you feel," check your understandings by summarizing the person's words in your own words. 2.Invite clarification. "What might be an example of that?" may encourage the person to say more. 3.Reflect feelings. "It sounds frustrating" might mirror what you're sensing from the person's body language and intensity.

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.) (p. 549)

While Kirk's therapist listens to what he has to say without judgment, she also seeks understanding by paraphrasing as well as asking for clarification and then reflecting Kirk's feelings. His therapist is using a therapeutic technique known as _____.

active listening (Carl Rogers)

Medication is to psychological techniques as ______ is to _____.

biomedical therapy; psychotherapy

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. (p. 549)

free-association

exploring a person's unconscious through spontaneous word association ie: say whatever comes to mind. Nevermind irrelevancy

Systematic desensitization is a form of _____ therapy.

exposure

These therapists attempt to reduce the inner conflicts which are impeding natural developmental growth by providing clients with new insights.

humanistic therapists

Which therapeutic technique focuses more on the present and future than the past, and involves unconditional positive regard and active listening?

humanistic therapy-specifically Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. (p. 547)

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. (p. 547) ie: missing appts, not showing up, also "in-session" arguing, cutting off, talking over, denying, blaming.

dream analysis

investigation of repressed feelings that can be expressed in our dreams ie: latent content: hidden motives, wishes or fears manifest content: dream as it appears

psychoanalysis (book defn)

(1) Sigmund Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (2) Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed that the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. (pp. 424, 547)

psychoanalysis method

-FREE ASSOCIATION-spontaneous report of all mental images, thoughts, feelings as a way of revealing unconscious conflict -DREAM ANALYSIS -INTERPRETATION of THOUGHTS AND ACTIONS -RESISTANCE-patient's UNCONSCIOUS attempt to BLOCK revelation of unconscious material -TRANSFERENCE-process where emotions originally associated with a significant person are UNCONSCIOUSLY TRANSFERRED to the therapist Resistance and transference are both good. (patient is seated facing opposite therapist) Counter-transference also happens. :(

psychotherapy (book defn)

: treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. (p. 546)

Whose therapy teaches people new, adaptive ways of thinking and acting and is based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and one's emotional reactions?

Aaron Beck

Behavior therapies

-applies LEARNING principles to get rid of PROBLEM BEHAVIORS -does NOT look deeply below the surface -effective for treating OCD, phobias, anxiety disorders

Behavior therapies: classical conditioning techniques

-counter conditioning -conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors -based on classical conditioning and includes: ---exposure therapies ------systematic desensitization ie: flooding ---aversive conditioning

Humanistic Therapies

-focus is on the PRESENT and the FUTURE rather than the PAST -CONSCIOUS thoughts are more important than the UNCONSCIOUS -promoting and fostering ---PERSONAL GROWTH ---SELF-FULFILLMENT ---SELF-AWARENESS ---SELF-ACCEPTANCE -CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY is a form of humanistic therapy (Carl Rogers) -Therapist listens to the needs of the patient: ---ACCEPTING and NON-JUDGEMENTAL way ---addressing problems in a PRODUCTIVE way ---building his or her SELF-ESTEEM -Fosters environment of UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD -therapist engages in ACTIVE-LISTENING -ECHOES, RESTATES, and CLARIFIES the patient's thinking ---"Let's see if I'm clear about this" ---"So it sounds to me as if" -ACKNOWLEDGING expressed feelings ---"This seems really important to you.." ---"I'm sensing that you're feeling..." see also Insight Therapies

Group and Family Therapies

-group therapy ---6-9 people (for more feedback and support) ---efficient ---cost effective ---reassurance ---feedback -family therapy ---treats the family as a system ---guides family members toward POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS ---improved comunication

Cognitive Therapy

-identifies FAULTY THINKING -teaches people ADAPTIVE and HEALTHIER ways of thinking -disagreement>dislike -suggestion>criticism -friendliness>pity

psychoanalysis

-problems originated from childhood repressed impulses and conflicts -bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can deal with them -developed by FREUD -Freud's analysis is now referred to as the PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH ---focuses on themes in important RELATIONSHIPS ---Looks at the PAST but also focuses on CURRENT SYMPTOMS

The psychological therapies (6)

-psychoanalysis:Freud -Humanistic Therapies:Carl Rogers -Behavior Therapies: -Cognitive therapies: Aaron Beck Eating disorders -group and family therapies: -biomedical therapies:

Cognitive-behavior therapy

-to alter the way people THINK (cognitive therapy) -to alter the way people ACT (behavior therapy) "things can get better" "things can change" -We would have the patient write down their thoughts, then we would help them rearrange those thoughts to a more adaptive way of thinking -identifies faulty thinking

Aversive conditioning

-type of conditioning -associated an UNPLEASANT STASTE with an UNWANTED BEHAVIOR (such as alcohol) -helps people learn what NOT to do substitute a relaxed, positive response for a negative response to a HARMLESS STIMULUS Helps you accept what you SHOULD DO *OPPOSITE of systematic desensitization

systematic desensitization

-type of exposure therapy -associated a PLEASANT, RELAXED state with GRADUALLY INCREASING anxiety-triggering stimuli -commonly used to treat PHOBIAS -helps people learn what they SHOULD do ie: associate a dog with relaxation in the case of fear of dogs

cognitive therapy (book defn)

: therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. (p. 554)

difference between humanistic and psychodynamic

Humanistic therapists aim to boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance. Promoting this growth, not curing illness, is the focus of therapy. Thus, those in therapy became "clients" or just "persons" rather than "patients" (a change many other therapists have adopted). The path to growth is taking immediate responsibility for one's feelings and actions, rather than uncovering hidden causes. Conscious thoughts are more important than the unconscious. The present and future are more important than the past. Therapy thus focuses on exploring feelings as they occur, rather than achieving insights into the childhood origins of the feelings. *these are examples of client-centered therapy (Carl Rogers 1902-1987) *This therapy, now often called person-centered therapy, focuses on the person's conscious self-perceptions. It is nondirective-the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights.

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy address?

It has been shown to be effective for those with anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, mood disorders, and anorexia nervosa.

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. (p. 548) both psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are referred to as this

transference

characterized by unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another. ie: client assigns you as role from someone in their past.

Classical and operant conditioning differences

classical: Ivan Pavlov (dog bell, food). They learned to expect food at the sound of the bell. In that scenario, the food is the unconditioned stimulus, the salivation is the unconditioned response. When we pair an unconditioned (occurs normally without our help) stimulus with a neutral stimulus (bell), the neutral stimulus becomes a CONDITIONED STIMULUS operant: You get a shot. Nurse says "this won't hurt a bit" then gives you the most painful shot ever. Later, your dentist says, "this won't hurt a bit" as he inserts mirror. You bolt! The words "this won't hurt a bit" became a conditioned stimulus when paired with the pain of the shot (the unconditioned stimulus), which was followed by your conditioned response by getting the heck out of there. Classical Operant cond explains how consequences lead to changes in voluntary behavior . Reinforcement and punishment are used in operant. Reinforcers make it MORE LIKELY that you'll do something again, while punishers make it LESS likely. Reinforcement and punishment can be positive or negative but this doesn't mean good and bad. Positive means the addition of a stimulus, like getting desert after veggies and negative means the removal of a stimulus like getting a night of no hw because you did well on an exam. ie: getting a hug from mom because I did the dishes. This is positive reinforcement because it makes it more likely that my behavior is reinforced. Operant cond is EVERYWHERE.

Aaron Beck's therapy teaches people new and more adaptive ways of thinking and acting. It is based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and one's emotional reactions, and is called:

cognitive therapy.

This therapy presumes the basis for psychological disorders is the result of self-harmful thoughts and behaviors.

cognitive-behavioral

token economy

serves as a reminder, non-tangible but still effective

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to ENHANCE SELF-INSIGHT (p. 548)

counter conditioning

unlearning the learned behavior, trying to condition new responses