Chapter 15- Western Civ
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
Puritans
members of the 16th & 17th century reform movement within the Church of England, that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements such as bishops elaborate ceremonials and weddings rings
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was...
military dictatorship
How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?
modeled their rule on the Mongol khans
Peace of Westphalia
name of a series of treaties that concluded the thirty years' war in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe
Danish phase
named after the king of denmark, Christian IV. protestant loss.
Louis XIV selected councilors from the
newly enabled or upper middle class
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the
prevention of the Habsburg from unifying the territories surrounding France
Bohemia phase of the thirty years' war
protestant loss.... catholics were mad because the lutherans went protestant instead of catholic
Peace of Ausburg
protestants and catholics could practice what they chose... failed to mention any other religions (like lutherans)
the junkers were
prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the prussian state
millets
religious communities that ottoman's divided their subjects into
Sultan
ruler of the ottoman empire, he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves
Peace of Utrecht
series of treatys that ended the war of the spanish succession ended french expansion in europe and marked the rise of the British empire
Fronde
series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and oppressive taxation
French phase
signified the end of the war thanks to the peace of Westphalia.
mercantilism
system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the state's power; based on the belief that a nation's wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver determined its international power
In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?
English laws against catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized
Swedish phase
France joined in the war. not for religion. Cardinal Richelieu, told Gustavus Adolphus sweetish king, a protestant, that he will join the war to help aldophus out. CR only joined the war to make sure the Hapsburg Austria will not take surrounding territories.
Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the
Fronde
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of
Jean-Baptise Colbert
How did the peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Phillip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the Spanish and french thrones would never be united
After his victory in Poltava, Peter the Gr8 built a new western-sty;e city on the baltic called
St. Petersburg
One of the largest rebellions in 17th century Russia was led by
Stenka Razin
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
a fear of the establishment of catholic absolutism by James II
Fall of the Spanish Monarchy
bad leadership, middle class and inflation. Charles II... sent the armada
In eastern europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial was accompanied by the...
consolidation of serfdom
Political Power in the dutch Republic was
controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessman
Jannisary Crops
core of the sultan's army, composed of slave conscripts from non-muslim parts of the empire; after 1863 it became a volunteer force
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state
Protectorate
english military dictatorship est. by Oliver Cromwell
stadholder
executive officer in each of the united provinces of the netherlands, a position often held by the princes of orange.
Constitutionalism
form of government in which power is limited by the law
Cossacks
free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of russian territory from the fourteenth century onward
What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional government
growth in armed forces
How did Fredrick William the great elector of prussia persuade the junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army
he confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs
The English political philosopher thomas Hobbes held that
the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war
What characterizes the english revolution of 1688?
the revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty placed in the Parliament which only represented the upper class.
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies
the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy
Within the ottoman government who staffed the top of the bureaucracy?
the sultan's slave crops
Boyars
highest-ranking members of the russian nobility
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of centralized French State?
he extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts
How did Frederick William I, The King of prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?
he ordered all prussian men to undergo military training after which they could return home and serve as army reservists