Chapter 15- Western Civ

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

Puritans

members of the 16th & 17th century reform movement within the Church of England, that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements such as bishops elaborate ceremonials and weddings rings

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was...

military dictatorship

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?

modeled their rule on the Mongol khans

Peace of Westphalia

name of a series of treaties that concluded the thirty years' war in 1648 and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe

Danish phase

named after the king of denmark, Christian IV. protestant loss.

Louis XIV selected councilors from the

newly enabled or upper middle class

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the

prevention of the Habsburg from unifying the territories surrounding France

Bohemia phase of the thirty years' war

protestant loss.... catholics were mad because the lutherans went protestant instead of catholic

Peace of Ausburg

protestants and catholics could practice what they chose... failed to mention any other religions (like lutherans)

the junkers were

prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the prussian state

millets

religious communities that ottoman's divided their subjects into

Sultan

ruler of the ottoman empire, he owned all the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves

Peace of Utrecht

series of treatys that ended the war of the spanish succession ended french expansion in europe and marked the rise of the British empire

Fronde

series of violent uprisings during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and oppressive taxation

French phase

signified the end of the war thanks to the peace of Westphalia.

mercantilism

system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the state's power; based on the belief that a nation's wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver determined its international power

In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?

English laws against catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized

Swedish phase

France joined in the war. not for religion. Cardinal Richelieu, told Gustavus Adolphus sweetish king, a protestant, that he will join the war to help aldophus out. CR only joined the war to make sure the Hapsburg Austria will not take surrounding territories.

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the

Fronde

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean-Baptise Colbert

How did the peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Phillip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the Spanish and french thrones would never be united

After his victory in Poltava, Peter the Gr8 built a new western-sty;e city on the baltic called

St. Petersburg

One of the largest rebellions in 17th century Russia was led by

Stenka Razin

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was

a fear of the establishment of catholic absolutism by James II

Fall of the Spanish Monarchy

bad leadership, middle class and inflation. Charles II... sent the armada

In eastern europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial was accompanied by the...

consolidation of serfdom

Political Power in the dutch Republic was

controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessman

Jannisary Crops

core of the sultan's army, composed of slave conscripts from non-muslim parts of the empire; after 1863 it became a volunteer force

Mercantilist theory postulated that

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

Protectorate

english military dictatorship est. by Oliver Cromwell

stadholder

executive officer in each of the united provinces of the netherlands, a position often held by the princes of orange.

Constitutionalism

form of government in which power is limited by the law

Cossacks

free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of russian territory from the fourteenth century onward

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional government

growth in armed forces

How did Fredrick William the great elector of prussia persuade the junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army

he confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs

The English political philosopher thomas Hobbes held that

the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war

What characterizes the english revolution of 1688?

the revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty placed in the Parliament which only represented the upper class.

The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies

the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy

Within the ottoman government who staffed the top of the bureaucracy?

the sultan's slave crops

Boyars

highest-ranking members of the russian nobility

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of centralized French State?

he extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts

How did Frederick William I, The King of prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?

he ordered all prussian men to undergo military training after which they could return home and serve as army reservists