Chapter 16-17: Revolutions & Reactions
July Revolution
1830 incident in France that drove the king away & established a new liberal government
Romanticism
19th-century artistic movement characterized by spontaneity, emotionalism, movement, sensuality, and individualism
liberalism
19th-century ideal that emphasizes individual rights (life, liberty, property) & personal freedoms
nationalism
19th-century ideal that involves developing a strong national identity; can be an extreme form of patriotism marked by a sense of superiority over other countries
liberalism & nationalism
2 primary ideals of the 19th century that became popular after the fall of Napoleon
Boston Tea Party
A protest against a tea tax that had been passed
Florence Nightingale
Crimean War nurse who established the modern nursing profession
Congress of Vienna
European peace conference held in 1814-1815 to deal with the problems caused by Napoleon's reign
St. Helena
Location of Napoleon's final exile
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon's final defeat in 1815
Russification
Nicholas I's policy of uniting national groups around the culture & traditions of Russia
Brazil
Portuguese colony which gained independence without revolution
Marie Antoinette
Queen during the French Revolution
Louis XVIII
The king who took Napoleon's place after he was exiled to Elba
The Hundred Days
The time period in which Napoleon had returned to France after he escaped from Elba
revolution
a transformation; fundamental change in government or society
Law of Suspects
allowed the government of the French Revolution to arrest people easily; said all suspects were guilty until proven innocent
Jacobin Political Club
bourgeoisie political group that became increasingly radical as the French Revolution grew
first estate of France
clergy
realpolitik
concept of practical, realistic politics (no idealism)
legitimacy
concept of restoring rulers who had lost thrones during Napoleon's reign
Nicholas I
czar of Russia during the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe
1789
date of the beginning of the French Revolution
1776
date of the signing of the Declaration of Independence
July 14, 1789
date of the storming of the Bastille
Camillo di Cavour
diplomatic leader of the fight for Italian unification
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
document that listed what the French people considered to be the natural rights they possessed as citizens
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
document which placed the Church under state control during the French Revolution
Prussia
dominant state in the German confederation
third estate of France
everyone else
Yorktown
final battle of the American Revolution
Victor Emmanuel II
first king of the united Kingdom of Italy
Kaiser Wilhelm I
first leader of unified Germany
Crimean War
first major international conflict after the Napoleonic Wars
Tennis Court Oath
incident in which the National Assembly declared they wouldn't dissolve until there was a Constitution
Louis XVI
king during the French Revolution
George III
king of Great Britain during the American Revolution
Otto von Bismarck
leader of German unification
Marat, Danton, and Robespierre
leaders of the Jacobins (known as the Mountain)
motto of the French Revolution
liberty, equality, and fraternity
Giuseppe Garibaldi
military leader of the fight for Italian unification
Napoleon Bonaparte
military leader who became the Emperor of France after the Revolution
Frankenstein
most classic & representative work of Romantic literature; often considered the first work of science fiction
Toussaint L'Ouverture
most important leader of the Haitian Revolution
balance of power
most important principle of European politics in the 19th century; the idea of creating general equality of power among the European states
National Assembly
name the Third Estate took for themselves during the meeting of the Estates-General
Trafalgar
naval battle in which Napoleon was defeated by British Admiral Nelson
Louis Napoleon
nephew of Napoleon who was elected president of the new French Republic after the Revolution of 1848; later declared himself emperor
Franz Joseph I
nephew of the Austrian emperor who became emperor himself after the Revolution of 1848 in Austria
Louis-Philippe
new king elected in France after the July Revolution
Directory
new, more moderate government during the Thermidorian Reaction
second estate of France
nobility
ineffective leadership, economic difficulty, political discontent; crisis
parts of the Revolutionary Triangle
peasants
poor working group that made up 80% of France's population (third estate)
compensation
principle that involved granting territory to the victors of the Napoleonic Wars
Reign of Terror
radical phase of the French Revolution with the goal to execute all "enemies of the Republic"
Lexington & Concord
sites of the first battles of the American Revolution
Thermidorian Reaction
swing back to moderation after the Reign of Terror (1794)
Gothic
term for the dark, emotional art and literature of the Romantic era (such as Frankenstein or Edgar Allen Poe)
legitimacy, compensation, balance of power
the 3 major principles of the Congress of Vienna
Bill of Rights
the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution; added to define liberties of citizens
federalism
the idea of delegating specific powers to the national government and reserving the rest for the states and people
Elba
the island where Napoleon was exiled the first time
Saint-Domingue (Haiti)
the most valuable French colony during the 18th century
The Great Fear
time in the French Revolution during which peasants looted noble homes and burned title records
Estates-General
traditional legislature of France that hadn't met for years; called by the king to try to solve the financial problems
Treaty of Paris
treaty that ended the American Revolution
Saratoga
turning point battle of the American Revolution
Code Napoleon
universal law code for France that is still the basis for French law today
bourgeoisie
urban middle class (third estate)
sans-culottes
urban working class (third estate)
Articles of Confederation
weak national government after the American Revolution that left most power to the states