Chapter 16-17: Revolutions & Reactions

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July Revolution

1830 incident in France that drove the king away & established a new liberal government

Romanticism

19th-century artistic movement characterized by spontaneity, emotionalism, movement, sensuality, and individualism

liberalism

19th-century ideal that emphasizes individual rights (life, liberty, property) & personal freedoms

nationalism

19th-century ideal that involves developing a strong national identity; can be an extreme form of patriotism marked by a sense of superiority over other countries

liberalism & nationalism

2 primary ideals of the 19th century that became popular after the fall of Napoleon

Boston Tea Party

A protest against a tea tax that had been passed

Florence Nightingale

Crimean War nurse who established the modern nursing profession

Congress of Vienna

European peace conference held in 1814-1815 to deal with the problems caused by Napoleon's reign

St. Helena

Location of Napoleon's final exile

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon's final defeat in 1815

Russification

Nicholas I's policy of uniting national groups around the culture & traditions of Russia

Brazil

Portuguese colony which gained independence without revolution

Marie Antoinette

Queen during the French Revolution

Louis XVIII

The king who took Napoleon's place after he was exiled to Elba

The Hundred Days

The time period in which Napoleon had returned to France after he escaped from Elba

revolution

a transformation; fundamental change in government or society

Law of Suspects

allowed the government of the French Revolution to arrest people easily; said all suspects were guilty until proven innocent

Jacobin Political Club

bourgeoisie political group that became increasingly radical as the French Revolution grew

first estate of France

clergy

realpolitik

concept of practical, realistic politics (no idealism)

legitimacy

concept of restoring rulers who had lost thrones during Napoleon's reign

Nicholas I

czar of Russia during the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe

1789

date of the beginning of the French Revolution

1776

date of the signing of the Declaration of Independence

July 14, 1789

date of the storming of the Bastille

Camillo di Cavour

diplomatic leader of the fight for Italian unification

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

document that listed what the French people considered to be the natural rights they possessed as citizens

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

document which placed the Church under state control during the French Revolution

Prussia

dominant state in the German confederation

third estate of France

everyone else

Yorktown

final battle of the American Revolution

Victor Emmanuel II

first king of the united Kingdom of Italy

Kaiser Wilhelm I

first leader of unified Germany

Crimean War

first major international conflict after the Napoleonic Wars

Tennis Court Oath

incident in which the National Assembly declared they wouldn't dissolve until there was a Constitution

Louis XVI

king during the French Revolution

George III

king of Great Britain during the American Revolution

Otto von Bismarck

leader of German unification

Marat, Danton, and Robespierre

leaders of the Jacobins (known as the Mountain)

motto of the French Revolution

liberty, equality, and fraternity

Giuseppe Garibaldi

military leader of the fight for Italian unification

Napoleon Bonaparte

military leader who became the Emperor of France after the Revolution

Frankenstein

most classic & representative work of Romantic literature; often considered the first work of science fiction

Toussaint L'Ouverture

most important leader of the Haitian Revolution

balance of power

most important principle of European politics in the 19th century; the idea of creating general equality of power among the European states

National Assembly

name the Third Estate took for themselves during the meeting of the Estates-General

Trafalgar

naval battle in which Napoleon was defeated by British Admiral Nelson

Louis Napoleon

nephew of Napoleon who was elected president of the new French Republic after the Revolution of 1848; later declared himself emperor

Franz Joseph I

nephew of the Austrian emperor who became emperor himself after the Revolution of 1848 in Austria

Louis-Philippe

new king elected in France after the July Revolution

Directory

new, more moderate government during the Thermidorian Reaction

second estate of France

nobility

ineffective leadership, economic difficulty, political discontent; crisis

parts of the Revolutionary Triangle

peasants

poor working group that made up 80% of France's population (third estate)

compensation

principle that involved granting territory to the victors of the Napoleonic Wars

Reign of Terror

radical phase of the French Revolution with the goal to execute all "enemies of the Republic"

Lexington & Concord

sites of the first battles of the American Revolution

Thermidorian Reaction

swing back to moderation after the Reign of Terror (1794)

Gothic

term for the dark, emotional art and literature of the Romantic era (such as Frankenstein or Edgar Allen Poe)

legitimacy, compensation, balance of power

the 3 major principles of the Congress of Vienna

Bill of Rights

the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution; added to define liberties of citizens

federalism

the idea of delegating specific powers to the national government and reserving the rest for the states and people

Elba

the island where Napoleon was exiled the first time

Saint-Domingue (Haiti)

the most valuable French colony during the 18th century

The Great Fear

time in the French Revolution during which peasants looted noble homes and burned title records

Estates-General

traditional legislature of France that hadn't met for years; called by the king to try to solve the financial problems

Treaty of Paris

treaty that ended the American Revolution

Saratoga

turning point battle of the American Revolution

Code Napoleon

universal law code for France that is still the basis for French law today

bourgeoisie

urban middle class (third estate)

sans-culottes

urban working class (third estate)

Articles of Confederation

weak national government after the American Revolution that left most power to the states


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