chapter 16, 18, 19, 20 pathophysio
hypotension, distended neck veins and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of
cardiac tamponade
patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)
communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery
administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to
decrease left ventricular afterload
Increased preload of the cardiac chambers may lead to which patient symptom?
edema
in contrast to all other type of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with
high cardiac output
a patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. the patient's symptomology is most likely related to
hypotension
constrictive pericarditis is associated with
impaired cardiac filling
lusitropic impairment refers to
impaired diastolic relaxation
tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of
nitric oxide
the prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in
non-hispanic black adults
first-degree heart block is characterized by
prolonged PR interval
left-sided heat failure is characterized by
pulmonary congestion
hypertrophy of the right ventricle is compensatory response to
pulmonary stenosis
the majority of tachydysrhytmias are believed to occur because of
reentry mechanisms
atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to
rupture
a patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to experiencing what type of shock?
septic
a laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is
serum potassium
a patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience
syncope
Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in
systemic vascular resistance.
Pulse pressure is defined as
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
the progressive stage of hypovolemic shock is characterized by
tachycardia
what compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stoke volume?
tachycardia
the effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is
vasodilation
a patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
a patient who reports dizziness and who has absent P waves, wide QRS complexes, and a heart rate of 38 beats/min on a ECG is most likely in which rhythm?
ventricular escape rhythm
an example of acyanotic heart defect is
ventricular septal defect
In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing?
Class II, Compensated Stage
Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?
Septic
in which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately?
atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 220 beats/minute
Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)
communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
after being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. the patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. what is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
continue lifestyle modifications only
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the
conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?
crystalloids
aortic regurgitation is associated with
diastolic murmur
second-degree heart block type I (wenckebach) is characterized by
lengthening PR intervals and droppped P wave
which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria?
128/82
massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?
anaphylactic
the majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with
antibiotics
chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy
F. Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in hypertrophy
new-organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration
F. End-organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration
While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding?
Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of
B-hemolytic streptococcal infection
high blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases
afterload
the most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is
ST-segment elevation
Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100?
Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118
restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure?
Sodium
Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes
T
disseminated intravascular coagulation is a serious complication of septic shock characterized by abnormal clot formation in the microvasculature throughout the body
T
the ingestion of certain drugs, foods, chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension
T
Sepsis has been recently redefined as
a systemic inflammatory response to infection.
a patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing
acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema
myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with
acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction
Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of
baroreceptor activity.
a middle- aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly and exercises infrequently. this patient is about 40 lbs overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. at the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. what is the LEAST appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?
begin antihypertensive drug therapy
a type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic
F. a " " " is neurogenic shock
a patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. this patient is most likely characterized by a(n)
elderly woman without previous history of MI
critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjust according to their ___ pressure
mean arterial
a loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of
mitral regurgitation
which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms?
preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (wolf-parkinson-white-syndrome)
An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of
premature ventricular complexes.
mitral stenosis is associated with
pressure gradient across the mitral valve
angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called ____ angina
prinzmental variant
a patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit
pulmonary congestion with dyspnea
beta-blockers are advocated in the management of heart failure because they
reduce cardiac output
cor pulmonale refers to
right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension
after sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema . His edema is most likely a consequence of
right-sided heart failure
patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class?
Class 1
the most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease
F. the " " " of hypertension is cardiovascular disease
a patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of
hypertensive crisis
hypertension is closely linked to
obstructive sleep apnea
An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by
positioning the arm above the heart level.
hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as ____ hypertension
secondary