Psychology 111 Final Exam (unit 2)

Lehi is 21. He has ambitious plans for his future and is eager to start his career. He likes being around other people, enjoys parties, and usually likes to be in charge of a conversation. He is very competitive, plays on a sports team, and enjoys "playing to win." Which is most likely? Lehi is a student at BYU-I on an intramural team. Lehi is a student at BYU-I working on a degree in Business. Lehi is a student at BYU-I Lehi is a student at BYU-I working on a degree in business and also on an intramural team.

Lehi is a student at BYU-I

Which of the following is LEAST ASSOCIATED with REM sleep? Low frequency, slow brain waves Body relaxation/muscle inhibition Dreaming Eye movement

Low frequency, slow brain waves

We learn ALL of the following from the techniques of memory champions EXCEPT:

Memory champions have photographic memory.

Is someone says, "This purse normally sells for $75 but it is on sale for $25," they are trying to affect your thinking with

Anchoring

According to research on memory, where is the best place to study for an exam?

In the location where you will take the exam

A child has 30 minutes of television watching time taken away for fighting with his sister. He does not fight with his sister as often. Which type of reinforcement or punishment is being used?

Negative Punishment

Beau watched the movie the Karate Kid, and he did the same karate kicks and punches that he saw in the movie right after the movie ended. This is an example of...

Observational learning

You want your five-year-old to clean up his/her room each day. Select the correct answer that applies the positive reinforcement for how you could accomplish this.

Set a timer and tell the child that if the room is picked up/clean by the time the timer goes off she gets a sticker. If she gets 5 stickers then she gets a treat.

Soleil hears a song that makes her smile. She loves the song, because it has been paired with dancing at home with Daddy. In this example, what is the conditioned response?

Smiling

Plane crashes come readily to mind because we have seen them in video media; they are vivid images. Because these images come quickly to our minds, we tend to think that they are more likely. This is an example of:

The availability heuristic

In this example of scaring my kids, what is the conditioned stimulus?

The electric box

A parent gives a child a cookie when the child is being quiet after a certain amount of time. The child does not know how much time has to go by before getting the cookie.

Variable Interval

Charlie works for a moving company. He can tell the difference in weight when moving two small dumbbells that weigh 9 lbs and 10 lbs but cannot detect any difference between the weight of the clothes dryer and the washing machine. This is an example of ____________.

Weber's Law

A person who can imagine many alternative uses of a paper clip best illustrates

divergent thinking.

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to

search for information that supports our preconceptions.

In this example of scaring my kids, what is the unconditioned response?

Being startled and fear

Which brain region is most clearly associated with classical conditioning and implicit memory?

Cerebellum

If I designed an experiment that examines whether listening to music improves memory then music/no music would be the_____________variable.

Independent

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

How many distinct pieces of information can be retained in short-term working memory?

4-9

If you can just begin to hear the difference between a 3 decibel sound and a 4 decibel sound. Then when you hear a 30 decibel sound, you will not be able to tell the difference until the sound reaches

40 decibels

Charlie, the mover, who can tell between 9 and 10 lb weights decided to weigh the washing machine, and he discovered that it weighed 100 lbs. He took Introduction to Psychology with Dr. Skalski so he knows that the clothes dryer could not weigh less than__________ and more than__________.

90 and 110

In this example of scaring my kids, what is the conditioned response?

A little fear and hesitation

Who's experiment demonstrated that kids learn from observation in the absence of the rewards or consequences?

Albert Bandura

Which of the following does NOT relate to whether you perceive a cell phone vibrating in your pocket? If you are expecting the cell phone to vibrate. Your level of motivation to accurately perceive and detect the vibrations. Your level of prior experience with the cell phone vibrating. Your level of consciousness, sleepiness, and alertness. All of the other answer choices are correct (and actually DO relate to whether you perceive the vibration).

All of the other answer choices are correct (and actually DO relate to whether you perceive the vibration).

If I designed an experiment that examines whether listening to music improves memory then memory recall would be the_____________variable.

Dependent

I crouched down behind a large electric box by our house and then jumped out and scared my kids on more than one occasion. They were frightened each time, and now they approach the electric box cautiously with a little fear and hesitation. In this example of scaring my kids, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

Dr. Skalski suddenly jumping out of hiding and yelling

Which researchers suggested that language determines thought?

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

Who created puzzle boxes for cats and measured their rates of learning?

Edward Thorndike

Who postulated a law of effect about how when a positive consequence follows a behavior it becomes more likely and how when a negative consequence follows a behavior it becomes less likely?

Edward Thorndike

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

If you are going to list the names of 10 companies that sponsored your event on a sign, which position is most likely to be remembered?

First

An ATM machine at the bank dispenses (spits out!) a $10 bill free, every twenty minutes exactly all day long. Which schedule of reinforcement is being used?

Fixed Interval

You are given a bonus for every four cars that you sell.

Fixed Ratio

Ralph says, "I know that my luck is going to come around. The universe has a way of making things right. The odds are in my favor." Ralph is displaying:

Gambler's fallacy

Your friend is experiencing difficulties making new memories and experiences herself waking up/becoming conscious every 30 seconds or so. You should have a doctor examine her______________.

Hippocampi

The main character Leonard in Memento has a memory condition in which he cannot encode new facts and events into his long-term memory storage. The other parts of his brain are unaffected by his condition. Which part of his brain is likely to be affected by his condition?

Hippocampus

I flashed a group of 9 digits to you briefly and you could only recall 3 of the 9. But when signaled to recall any single row immediately after the letters had disappeared, you might do so with near-perfect accuracy. This is an example of

Iconic memory

Clive Wearing can still learn through classical conditioning. This kind of learning and memory is described as______________

Implicit memory

Which of the following statements is NOT true? Individuals have blindspots in both of their eyes. Individuals have blindspots in only their left eyes. No one has a perception of the true, objective world Eyes are constantly making sharp movements called saccades that individuals do not see. What we see is first upside and backwards in our brain

Individuals have blindspots in only their left eyes.

Which of the following is NOT an example of confirmation bias: Individuals want to discover whether a political issue will be better for their town so they try hard to look at the issue from both perspectives to gain a better understanding. People have a belief that left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people, so they pay more attention when left-handed people are creative and dismiss evidence of right-handed creativity as rare cases and exceptions to the overall trend that left-handers are more creative. People look for positive information about the candidate that they support and negative information about the candidates that they do not like.

Individuals want to discover whether a political issue will be better for their town so they try hard to look at the issue from both perspectives to gain a better understanding.

Who used classical conditioning to train a baby to fear a white rat and other similar stimuli?

John Watson

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Wernicke's area and Broca's area are in which part of the brain?

Left hemisphere

After long-term potentiation, all of the following are true EXCEPT: Prior to long-term potentiation, a mild electric shock can clear and wipe out memories. After long-term potentiation, the associated neurons have more synapses After long-term potentiation, the memory will be maintained even after a mild electric shock. Long-term potentiation creates a decrease in serotonin

Long-term potentiation creates a decrease in serotonin

The right hemisphere can do all of the following except:

Speak language

Echoic memory refers to

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________.

automatic processing; effortful processing

Research has shown that using subliminal messages...

can have brief temporary effects on behavior

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

Eyewitnesses to a crime often recall the details of the crime most accurately when they return to the scene of the crime. This best illustrates

context-dependent memory.

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

initial pieces of information

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

kinesthesia

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Chunking refers to

the organization of information into meaningful units.

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

ultraviolet

What is the best explanation for differences in perception of "the dress" that went viral through social media a few years ago?

Our perceptual system makes unconscious inferences about the illumination of the dress.

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception?

Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

Arshad ate something that made him feel sick. He took two Tums antacid tablets that took away his feelings of nausea. Now, Arshad uses Tums more often. How is Arshad's behavior being affected?

Positive Punishment

Talisa is late getting home and when she walks in the door her mother yells at her and lectures her. Now, Talisa does not stay out late in the future. What type of punishment or reinforcement was being used by Talisa's mother?

Positive Punishment

Parents add an extension in curfew (i.e., they can now stay out longer/later) when their teenagers do all their chores on time. Now, their teenagers have been more likely to do all their chores on time. Which type of reinforcement or punishment is being used?

Positive Reinforcement

Vinegar was secretly added to beer in an experiment. Participants were placed in one of three conditions, either: 1- the secret vinegar was never disclosed, 2- secret vinegar was disclosed before tasting, 3- participants learned of the secret vinegar immediately after tasting, but prior to indicating their preferences. Which of the following was true about the results? Reduced preference for the beer occurred only when the disclosure happened before tasting Reduced preference for the beer occurred only when they were told after tasting. Reduced preference for the beer occurred in all three conditions There was no reduced preference for the beer in all three conditions

Reduced preference for the beer occurred only when the disclosure happened before tasting