Chapter 16-19 Euro Quiz
The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included
a. everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy.
The general concept of the universe before Copernicus was that
the earth was the stationary center and heavenly spheres orbited it.
How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?
d. The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?
Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.
"Let us now pay a visit to a house inhabited by prosperous peasants...in about 1625.... Propped against the wall, or hanging from it, there are various agricultural tools.... There are shelves bearing dishes, jugs, and the Bible.... A spinning wheel dominates one corner of the room...[where] textiles are spun.... Urban growth was due predominantly to immigration, as the mortality rate in the city was higher than it was in the country. Such density of population encouraged the spread of illness.... Pots, pans, and cutlery were on the increase.... Many items cost less than they had in the past.... To confront a famine situation, people began growing plants which previously had been little cultivated in Europe, such as rice.... Maize was imported into Europe by Columbus in 1493.... War encouraged the spread of the potato.... In the sixteenth century [sugar] became a luxury seasoning.... Tea...became popular in England.... In the second half of the seventeenth century the first coffee shops appeared." - Rafaella Sarti, historian, "Material Conditions of Family Life," 2001 This excerpt best illustrates what economic transformation in European villages during the 18th century?
a. European states followed mercantilist policies by exploiting colonies in the New World and elsewhere. b. Labor and trade in commodities were increasingly freed from traditional restrictions imposed by corporate entities. c. The putting-out system, or cottage industry, expanded as increasing numbers of laborers in homes produced for markets.
A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies: _
a. Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest wound could become infected and lead to death. b. All operations were performed with anesthesia, but it was difficult to use and caused many deaths. c. They had only limited opportunities to practice surgical techniques.
"By an express which arrived yesterday morning from Messrs. Fector and Co. at Dover, we learn the following particulars of the King's execution: .... He made a sign of wishing to harangue [criticize] the multitude, when the drums ceased, and Louis spoke these few words. "I die innocent; I pardon my enemies; I only sanctioned upon compulsion the Civil Constitution of the Clergy..." He was proceeding, but the beating of the drums drowned his voice. His executioners then laid hold of him, and an instant after, his head was separated from his body; this was about a quarter past ten o'clock. After the execution, the people threw their hats up in the air, and cried out Vive la Nation! Some of them endeavored to seize the body, but it was removed by a strong guard to the Temple, and the lifeless remains of the King were exempted from those outrages which his Majesty had experienced during his life." - Appeared in the London Times January 25, 1793 King Louis XVI's demise is similar to that of which of the following European monarchs?
a. King Charles I
The following is an excerpt from Arthur Young's treatise on enclosure: "Respecting open field lands, the quantity of labour in them is not comparable to that of enclosures; for, not to speak of the great numbers of men that in enclosed countries are constantly employed in winter in hedging and ditching, what comparison can there be between the open field system of one half or a third of the lands being in fallow, receiving only three ploughings; and the same portion now tilled four, five, or six times by Midsummer, then sown with turnips, those hand-hoed twice, and then drawn by hand, and carted to stalls for beasts; or else hurdled out in portions for fatting sheep! What a scarcity of employment in one case, what a variety in the other!" Based on this passage, it is reasonable to conclude that Young believed that
the enclosure system was more labor intensive than the traditional open-field system.
"The discovery of America, and that of a passage to the East Indies... are the two greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind...are the two greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind... one of the principal effects of those discoveries has been to... enrich a great nation rather by trade than manufactures than by the improvement and cultivation of land, rather by the industry of towns than by that of the country. But, in consequence of those discoveries, the commercial towns of Europe...have now become the manufacturers for the numerous and thriving cultivators of America, and the carriers, and in some respects the manufacturers too, for almost all the different nations of Asia, Africa and America. Two new worlds have been opened to their industry, each of them much greater and more extensive than the old one, and the market of one of them growing still greater and greater every day..." - Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776 A historian studying the economic relationship between Europe and its colonies would most likely use this passage:
As support for the benefits of free market principles
"The only way to erect such a common power, as may be able to defend them from the invasion of foreigners, and the injuries of one another, and thereby to secure them in such sort as that by their own industry and by the fruits of the earth they may nourish themselves and live contentedly, is to confer all their power and strength upon one man..." - Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, 1651 "87. Man being born, as has been proved, with a title to protect freedom and an uncontrolled enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the law of nature, equally with any other man, or number of men in the world, hath by nature a power...to preserve his property-that is, his life, liberty and estate against the injuries and attempts of other men..." - John Locke, Second Treatise of Civil Government, 1690 The excerpts above can best be described as a response to
Conflicts between the British monarchy, Parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure
The exercise of civil rights is independent of the quality of citizen, which is only acquired and preserved conformably to the constitution of the law. Every Frenchman shall enjoy civil rights. Private persons have the free disposition of the property belonging to them, subject to the modifications established by the laws. Property not belonging to private persons is administered, and cannot be alienated except in the forms and pursuance of the regulations peculiar to it. Highways, roads and streets at the national charge, rivers and streams which will carry floats, shores, ebb and flow of the sea, ports, harbors, roads for ships, and generally all portions of the national territory, which are not susceptible of private proprietorship, are considered as dependencies on the public domain. Married persons cannot be derogate from the rights resulting from the power of the husband over the persons of his wife and of his children, or which belong to the husband as head, nor from the rights conferred on the survivor of the married parties by the title "Of the Paternal Power," and by the title "Of Minority, Guardianship, and Emancipation," nor from the prohibitory regulations of the present code." - The Napoleonic Code 1801 Which of the following aspects of the Napoleonic Code shows the greatest contradiction to the teachings of the Enlightenment?
b. "Married persons cannot derogate from the rights resulting from the power of the husband over the persons of his wife and his children"
_ was the name of the three legal categories, or orders, of France's inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else.
Estates
Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?
Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.
Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expandinf education to all children?
They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible.
The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of northwestern Europe in the second half of the eighteeth century: _
consumer revolution
A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market: _
cottage industry
Which of the following causes of the French Revolution is best reflected in the painting?
d. Enlightenment ideas
is the idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary.
just price
In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was
london
Members of a Protestant revival movmement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion: _
methodists
_ was the transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.
proletarianization
The fundamental patterns of life in early modern Europe remaied very much the same up to the 18th century.
true
The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was
Paris
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?
The emergence of scientific racism
The growing 18th century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?
The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor
Isaac Newton was influential on the eighteenth century Enlightenment because of his theory of knowledge and his concept of the tabula rasa.
False
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo
According to Sieyès, once one acquires a legal privilege, one
According to Sieyès, once one acquires a legal privilege, one
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?
a. The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.
What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
a. The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
The attack on the Bastille had what political effect?
a. The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.
Although the French attempted to change their own government, as reflected in the painting above, how did they respond to the Haitian Revolution led by Toussaint L'Ouverture?
a. They accepted the revolt and encouraged Haitian independence c. They joined forced with the British to suppress the rebellion d. They fought against the Haitian revolt due to the profit from the sugar plantations
The _ was the period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed.
The Reign of Terror
"I shall speak very briefly on the study of liberal arts, which for humans is useful and honorable, pleasurable and enlightening since everyone, not only philosophers but also the most ignorant man is separated from beasts. For what is that so greatly helps both the learned and the ignorant? What so enlarges and enlightens men's minds the way that an education in and knowledge of literature and the liberal arts do?" - Cassandra Fedele, Oratio pro Bertucio Lamberto, a Latin speech in praise of the arts and sciences at her male cousin's graduation from the University of Padua, 1487 Which of the following best reflects the type of education described by the author?
The application of scientific understanding to society and institutions
Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.
What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
The rural poor worked for low wages.
The abbé Sieyès considered the third estate
The true strength of the French nation
How did European governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
The French Revolution was led by liberal elites.
True
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures
improved water supply and sewage systems.
Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred
in all regions
A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies: _
navigation acts
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.
The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress: The
Enlightenment
The _ was a legislative body in prerevolutionary France made up of representatives of each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614.
Estates General
The _ ended the Seven Years' War
Treaty of Paris 1763
The _ Club was a political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans.
Jacobin
On July 14, 1789, several hundred people stormed the _, a royal prison, to obtain weapons for the city's defense; Many historians mark this event as the beginning of the French Revolution.
On July 14, 1789, several hundred people stormed the Bastille
What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?
The tendency of couples to wait to marry until they were economically independent
Famous satirical philosophe who wrote Candide in 1759; argued in favor of religious tolerance and against censorship (freedom of speech); very critical of organized religion; most famous quote: "I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.": _
Voltaire
Adam Smith supported guilds as he believed they helped to promote economic equality.
false
The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers: The _ system
guild
The industrious revolution was a result of
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.
A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids: _
rococo
The following is an excerpt from Adam Smith's description of the pin industry: "I have seen a small manufactory of this kind where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations. But though they were very poor, and therefore but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, they could, when they exerted themselves, make among them about twelve pounds of pins in a day. There are in a pound upward of four thousand pins of a middling size. Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upward of forty-eight thousand pins in a day." In this passage, Adam Smith suggested that
the division of labor facilitated the use of unskilled labor.
According to Olympe de Gouges,
c. men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law.
The _ was the French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as the restriction of rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws.
The Napoleonic Code
What was the result of the Consumer Revolution of the 18th century?
a. A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives b. Notions of community values and expected norms, since people could now purchase the same consumer items. c. A vast increase in personal indebtedness, as individuals borrowed money in order to purchase consumer items
The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture: _
enclosure
Until the nineteenth century the industry that employed the most people in Europe was textiles.
True
_ were a moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793.
Girondists
The _ was the fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt.
Great Fear
The great scientists of the seventeenth century, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, pursued their exploration of science in a spirit of exalting God rather than in questioning and undermining religion.
True
Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?
b. The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed
b. equality before the law. d. religious toleration to French Jews and Protestants.
During the radical phase under Robespierre, the role of women
b. was declining, as women's social clubs were outlawed and women were forbade from being present at political meetings.
Which of the following social classes was most directly challenged by the actions shown in the painting?
c. A nobility based on heredity and status
What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?
c. Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.
By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?
By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?
"Not only is virtue the soul of democracy; it can exist only in that government...Republican virtue can be considered in relation to the people and in relation to the government; it is necessary in both. When only the government lacks virtue, there remains a resource in the people's virtue; but when the people itself is corrupted, liberty is already lost. Fortunately virtue is natural to the people, notwithstanding aristocratic prejudices. A nation is truly corrupted when, having by degrees lost its character and its liberty, it passes from democracy to aristocracy or to monarchy; that is the decrepitude and death of the body politic..." - Maximillian Robespierre, On the Moral and Political Principles of Domestic Policy, 1793
a. de-Christianized the nation, outlawing all holidays, relics, and saints devoted to the Old Regime.
The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that
a. eliminated women's right to hold property. c. made divorce more difficult. d. declared all men and women to be equal.
Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?
c. France lacked a central bank and paper currency.
In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by
c. abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges.
The eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant: The _
cottage industry
How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?
d. He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
d. Several thousand Parisian women
What caused the life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain?
d. The Girondists' more moderate policies
"Not only is virtue the soul of democracy; it can exist only in that government...Republican virtue can be considered in relation to the people and in relation to the government; it is necessary in both. When only the government lacks virtue, there remains a resource in the people's virtue; but when the people itself is corrupted, liberty is already lost. Fortunately virtue is natural to the people, notwithstanding aristocratic prejudices. A nation is truly corrupted when, having by degrees lost its character and its liberty, it passes from democracy to aristocracy or to monarchy; that is the decrepitude and death of the body politic..." - Maximillian Robespierre, On the Moral and Political Principles of Domestic Policy, 1793 Which of the following is a true statement about the Thermidorian Reaction?
d. The Reign of Terror ended and Robespierre was executed
In the following passage from a 1789 letter, Maximilien Robespierre denounced the decision to limit political participation to those with a certain amount of wealth: "[I]t seems to me that a representation founded on the bases I have just indicated [a system with property qualifications for political participation] could easily raise up an aristocracy of riches on the ruins of the feudal aristocracy; and I do not see that the people which should be the aim of every political institution will gain much from this kind of arrangement. Moreover I fail to see how representatives who derive their power from their constituents, that is to say from all the citizens without distinction of wealth, have the right to despoil the major part of these constituents of the power which they have confided to them." What did Robespierre argue might result from a political system in which only those with money and property were allowed to participate?
d. The emergence of a new aristocracy based on wealth instead of birth
The growth of urban areas during the 18th century was driven by advances in medical knowledge that led to declining urban mortality rates.
False
A sect of Catholicism that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by the pope: _
Jansenism
"The discovery of America, and that of a passage to the East Indies... are the two greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind...are the two greatest and most important events recorded in the history of mankind... one of the principal effects of those discoveries has been to... enrich a great nation rather by trade than manufactures than by the improvement and cultivation of land, rather by the industry of towns than by that of the country. But, in consequence of those discoveries, the commercial towns of Europe...have now become the manufacturers for the numerous and thriving cultivators of America, and the carriers, and in some respects the manufacturers too, for almost all the different nations of Asia, Africa and America. Two new worlds have been opened to their industry, each of them much greater and more extensive than the old one, and the market of one of them growing still greater and greater every day..." - Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776
a. Colonies stimulated industrialization b. Agricultural communities in colonial regions suffer
As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?
d. They banned all women's political activity, which they believed to be disorderly and a distraction from women's proper domestic duties.
A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor: _
economic liberalism
All of the following are considered possible influences and causes of the Scientific Revolution except
the practical knowledge and technical skills emphasized by sixteenth-century universities.
At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that
the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.
A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the 18th century is associated with
Beccaria
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
