Chapter 16: Disorders in Immunity
Class _____ and class _____ genes of the major histocompatibility complex correlate with certain autoimmune diseases.
1 and 2
Complement-assisted cell lysis, by antibodies directed at cell surface antigens, characterizes type ____ hypersensitivity
2 or III
Human blood types fall into four distinct groups called the ____ groups
ABO
The four distinct types of blood are referred to as the ______ blood groups.
ABO
Which of the following are involved in immune complex diseases?
Antibody-antigen complexes
is defined as a chronic allergy, such as hay fever or eczema, with localized and non-life-threatening effects.
Atopy
Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for graft rejection?
Cytotoxic T cells
A birth defect that results in a severe T-cell deficiency due to a missing or underdeveloped thymus gland is called ___ syndrome
DiGeorge
A severe reduction or complete absence of cell-mediated immunity, due to a missing or underdeveloped thymus gland is characteristic of
DiGeorge syndrome
A person's Rh type results from the combination of two possible alleles, a ______ one that codes for the Rh factor, and a ______ one that does not.
Dominant and recessive
Which of the following methods are commonly used to prevent type I allergic reactions?
Drug therapy Desensitization therapy Avoiding the allergen
Many B-cell immunodeficiencies are X-linked traits and therefore, occur most often in girls.
False (not TRUE because X-linked traits occur most often in male children.)
Which of the following is NOT a possible sign or symptom of anaphylaxis?
Fever
Which of the following commonly involve type I allergies?
Hay fever Food allergy Asthma Drug allergy Eczema Anaphylaxis
Recurrent, overwhelming infections, often with opportunistic microbes, are consequences of a group of immune system dysfunctions called
Immunodeficiency
The study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response is called
Immunopathology
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with type I allergic reactions?
Lupus erythematosus
Which of the following is characterized as a chronic autoimmunity disorder where immune complexes are deposited into the basement membranes of various organs resulting in dysfunction/tissue damage.
Lupus erythematosus
Incompatabilities related to ABO blood type are less likely during pregnancy because Ig _______ antibodies are produced that are too large to cross the placenta in large numbers.
M or IgM
Which genes have been shown to correlate with certain autoimmune diseases?
MHC Class II MHC Class I
The majority of patients with type I allergies
Mild symptoms
With respect to hemolytic disease of the newborn, the potential for placental sensitization occurs through which combination of mother and unborn child?
Mother is Rh negative. Unborn child is Rh positive.
To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn, Rh- mothers with possible Rh+ fetuses receive what treatment?
Passive antibody preparation
Which type of macromolecule is most allergenic?
Proteins
Which of the following can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components?
Rh factor
An antigen on red blood cells that can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components is the
Rh, Rhesus, or D factor or antigen
Which of the following is a chemical mediator that inhibits central nervous system activity and stimulates smooth muscle contraction?
Serotonin
Which type of immunodeficiency involves serious dysfunction in both T and B lymphocyte systems?
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Which of the following are potential mild and severe symptoms of anaphylaxis
Sneezing Prostration Itching Convulsions Difficulties breathing
Type IV hypersensitivities involve _____ lymphocytes
T
Severe combined immunodeficiencies involve serious dysfunction in both ____ cell and ____ call
T ; B
A T-cell deficiency is more devastating than a B-cell deficiency because ______ cells are required to assist in most specific immune reactions.
T helper
A dysfunctional ______ cell line is usually more devastating than a defective ______ cell line.
T; B
Which are the three most common gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy?
Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain
A significant number of B-cell deficiencies are ______ and therefore appear at a higher rate in ______ children.
X-linked; male
The absence of gamma globulin, the fraction of serum that contains immunoglobulins, is called
agammaglobulinemia
Severe bronchoconstriction causes the symptoms of
allergic asthma
A seasonal reaction to inhaled plant pollen or molds, or a chronic year-round reaction to a wide spectrum of airborne allergens or inhalants, is known as ______.
allergic rhinitis
A form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages is called
allergic rhinitis or hay fever
The term ______ refers to an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammatory symptoms.
allergy
An exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation is a(n) .
allergy or hypersensitivity
An immune complex phenomenon that develops after a second injection at the site of the first injection, causing the area to become red, swollen, and painful is called
an Arthus reaction
Autoimmune encephalitis is caused by _______ that attack the brain.
antibodies
For the ABO blood groups, ______ reactive to another blood type may exist in serum even though contact with other blood types has never occurred.
antibodies
Maternal-fetal incompatibilities are possible in the ABO blood group, but adverse reactions occur less frequently than with Rh sensitization because
antibodies to ABO antigens do not cross the placenta
Rh- mothers with possible Rh+ fetuses receive passive immunotherapy treatment with a(n) ____ preparation to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn.
antibody, immunoglobulin, or antiserum
Immune complex diseases are triggered by the formation of free-floating ______ - _____ complexes that can deposit in tissues.
antigen, Ag, or antigens antibody, Ab, or antibodies
A systemic autoimmune disease that results in progressive, debilitating damage to the joints is
arthritis
An immune complex phenomenon that develops after repeated injections at the same site is the ____ reaction
arthus
A respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction is called allergic
asthma
The general term for a localized type I allergic reaction is
atopy
is defined as a chronic allergy, such as hay fever or eczema, with localized and non-life-threatening effects.
atopy
The pathological condition arising from the production of antibodies against autoantigens is called a(n)
autoimmune disease
Severe neurological symptoms are caused by autoantibodies that attack the brain in
autoimmune encephalitis
Three methods of preventing and treating allergies involve: ________ the allergen, taking _______ that block the action of lymphocytes, mast cells, or chemical mediators, and undergoing allergen_______ therapy.
avoiding or avoid drugs, drug, medications, medication, or medicine desensitization
Immune complex deposition in the ________ of epithelial tissues triggers the tissue damage that is characteristic of Type III hypersensitivity reactions.
basement membrane
Tissue destruction occurs in type III reactions when immune complexes deposit in the ______ ______ of epithelial
basement membrane
An individual may develop Rh antibodies following placental ________ , or blood _________
blood transfusion placental sensitization
Which of the following are means that lead to the development of Rh antibodies?
blood transfusion placental sensitization
Allergies can be diagnosed ______ methods.
by both in vivo and in vitro
The term neoplasm is a synonym for
cancer or tumor
cancer involves
cells growing and spreading in an uncontrolled manner
Type II hypersensitivities involve
complement-assisted cell lysis by antibodies
The primary cell type responsible for host rejection of a graft is the _____ T cell
cytotoxic
Immunopathology is a disease state ______ of the immune response.
due to either overactivity or underactivity
Atopic dermatitis or _____ is an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itchy, red, scaly lesions.
eczema
is defined as an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itching and burning sensations. Typically, red vesicular lesions erupt, leaving the skin dry and scaly.
eczema
The immune system of an organ transplant recipient mounts a campaign to destroy the donated tissue in the condition known as
graft rejection
A malfunction of the thyroid gland in which autoantibodies directed at thyroid cells stimulate an overproduction of thyroid hormone is ____ disease
graves
The most profuse and fastest-acting allergic mediator is _____ which has profound effects on smooth muscle and glands.
histamine
The most favorable sites to obtain bone marrow cells from a donor are on the
ilium bone of the pelvis
Bone marrow is transplanted into the recipient by
intravenous drip into recipient circulation
systemic. ____ erythematosus is a chronic autoimmunity where immune complexes are deposited into the basement membranes of various organs.
lupus
Blood serum ______ contain preformed antibodies to A and B antigens without prior exposure to the antigens.
may
Although about 30% of the human population are prone to allergies, the symptoms of the majority of type I allergies are relatively
mild or minor
Placental sensitization can occur when the mother is Rh _____, whereas the fetus is Rh ____
negative, -, or -ve positive, +, or +ve
Placental sensitization can occur when the mother is Rh ______ , whereas the fetus is Rh _____
negative, -, or -ve positive, +, or +ve
There are two possible alleles for Rh type: a dominant one that codes for the Rh factor and a recessive one that does not. A person will have Rh positive blood if they inherit:
one dominant allele and one recessive allele two dominant alleles
The four ways in which secondary immune deficiency diseases are acquired are:
organic disease. infection. chemotherapy. radiation.
A study involving babies at risk for one of the common food allergies, to ____ showed that eating a small amount of this food early in life greatly reduced the incidence of developing sensitivity to the food.
peanuts or peanut
When fetal erythrocytes leak into maternal circulation during childbirth, ______ sensitization occurs.
placental
When fetal red blood cells leak into maternal circulation during childbirth, the mother's immune system responds to them by producing antibodies and memory B cells. This process is called ______ sensitization.
placental
A person inheriting at least one dominant Rh allele will be Rh ______ , whereas a person inheriting two recessive alleles will be Rh ____
positive, negative
The type of macromolecule that is more allergenic than the others is
proteins, protein, polypeptides, or polypeptide
Predominant consequences of immunodeficiencies include:
recurrent infections. opportunistic infections.
Chronic inflammation that leads to the development of scar tissue and distortion in the joints is due to the autoimmune condition called
rheumatoid arthritis
The initial effective exposure to an antigen or an allergen that stimulates an immune response but generally elicits no symptoms is called a(n) ______ dose.
sensitizing
The initial exposure to an allergen provides a(n) ______ dose that primes the immune system for a subsequent encounter with that allergen.
sensitizing
The theory that autoimmunity develops due to exposure of an antigen previously hidden behind an anatomical barrier is the _____antigen theory.
sequestered
One theory of autoimmunity is that during embryonic development, some antigens in some tissues are kept behind anatomical barriers and cannot be scanned by the immune system. This is called the ______ theory.
sequestered antigen
A neurotransmitter that is also believed to complement the effects of histamine is
serotonin
The most common food allergens are found in:
shellfish. cow's milk. peanuts. eggs.
Histamine is a potent stimulator of:
smooth muscle. eosinophils. glands.
In graft rejection,
the immune system of an organ transplant recipient mounts an attack against the donor tissue
In Graves' disease, the ______ is the target of autoimmunity.
thyroid gland
The T-cell branch of the immune system is primarily involved in ______ hypersensitivity.
type 4
Tests to diagnose allergies can be conducted by both in _____ and in ______ methods
vivo vitro
Gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergies are abdominal pain, ___ and ____
vomiting or vomit diarrhea