Chapter 16: Disorders in Immunity

Class _____ and class _____ genes of the major histocompatibility complex correlate with certain autoimmune diseases.

1 and 2

Complement-assisted cell lysis, by antibodies directed at cell surface antigens, characterizes type ____ hypersensitivity

2 or III

Human blood types fall into four distinct groups called the ____ groups

ABO

The four distinct types of blood are referred to as the ______ blood groups.

ABO

Which of the following are involved in immune complex diseases?

Antibody-antigen complexes

is defined as a chronic allergy, such as hay fever or eczema, with localized and non-life-threatening effects.

Atopy

Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for graft rejection?

Cytotoxic T cells

A birth defect that results in a severe T-cell deficiency due to a missing or underdeveloped thymus gland is called ___ syndrome

DiGeorge

A severe reduction or complete absence of cell-mediated immunity, due to a missing or underdeveloped thymus gland is characteristic of

DiGeorge syndrome

A person's Rh type results from the combination of two possible alleles, a ______ one that codes for the Rh factor, and a ______ one that does not.

Dominant and recessive

Which of the following methods are commonly used to prevent type I allergic reactions?

Drug therapy Desensitization therapy Avoiding the allergen

Many B-cell immunodeficiencies are X-linked traits and therefore, occur most often in girls.

False (not TRUE because X-linked traits occur most often in male children.)

Which of the following is NOT a possible sign or symptom of anaphylaxis?

Fever

Which of the following commonly involve type I allergies?

Hay fever Food allergy Asthma Drug allergy Eczema Anaphylaxis

Recurrent, overwhelming infections, often with opportunistic microbes, are consequences of a group of immune system dysfunctions called

Immunodeficiency

The study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response is called

Immunopathology

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with type I allergic reactions?

Lupus erythematosus

Which of the following is characterized as a chronic autoimmunity disorder where immune complexes are deposited into the basement membranes of various organs resulting in dysfunction/tissue damage.

Lupus erythematosus

Incompatabilities related to ABO blood type are less likely during pregnancy because Ig _______ antibodies are produced that are too large to cross the placenta in large numbers.

M or IgM

Which genes have been shown to correlate with certain autoimmune diseases?

MHC Class II MHC Class I

The majority of patients with type I allergies

Mild symptoms

With respect to hemolytic disease of the newborn, the potential for placental sensitization occurs through which combination of mother and unborn child?

Mother is Rh negative. Unborn child is Rh positive.

To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn, Rh- mothers with possible Rh+ fetuses receive what treatment?

Passive antibody preparation

Which type of macromolecule is most allergenic?

Proteins

Which of the following can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components?

Rh factor

An antigen on red blood cells that can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components is the

Rh, Rhesus, or D factor or antigen

Which of the following is a chemical mediator that inhibits central nervous system activity and stimulates smooth muscle contraction?

Serotonin

Which type of immunodeficiency involves serious dysfunction in both T and B lymphocyte systems?

Severe combined immunodeficiency

Which of the following are potential mild and severe symptoms of anaphylaxis

Sneezing Prostration Itching Convulsions Difficulties breathing

Type IV hypersensitivities involve _____ lymphocytes

T

Severe combined immunodeficiencies involve serious dysfunction in both ____ cell and ____ call

T ; B

A T-cell deficiency is more devastating than a B-cell deficiency because ______ cells are required to assist in most specific immune reactions.

T helper

A dysfunctional ______ cell line is usually more devastating than a defective ______ cell line.

T; B

Which are the three most common gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy?

Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain

A significant number of B-cell deficiencies are ______ and therefore appear at a higher rate in ______ children.

X-linked; male

The absence of gamma globulin, the fraction of serum that contains immunoglobulins, is called

agammaglobulinemia

Severe bronchoconstriction causes the symptoms of

allergic asthma

A seasonal reaction to inhaled plant pollen or molds, or a chronic year-round reaction to a wide spectrum of airborne allergens or inhalants, is known as ______.

allergic rhinitis

A form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages is called

allergic rhinitis or hay fever

The term ______ refers to an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammatory symptoms.

allergy

An exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation is a(n) .

allergy or hypersensitivity

An immune complex phenomenon that develops after a second injection at the site of the first injection, causing the area to become red, swollen, and painful is called

an Arthus reaction

Autoimmune encephalitis is caused by _______ that attack the brain.

antibodies

For the ABO blood groups, ______ reactive to another blood type may exist in serum even though contact with other blood types has never occurred.

antibodies

Maternal-fetal incompatibilities are possible in the ABO blood group, but adverse reactions occur less frequently than with Rh sensitization because

antibodies to ABO antigens do not cross the placenta

Rh- mothers with possible Rh+ fetuses receive passive immunotherapy treatment with a(n) ____ preparation to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn.

antibody, immunoglobulin, or antiserum

Immune complex diseases are triggered by the formation of free-floating ______ - _____ complexes that can deposit in tissues.

antigen, Ag, or antigens antibody, Ab, or antibodies

A systemic autoimmune disease that results in progressive, debilitating damage to the joints is

arthritis

An immune complex phenomenon that develops after repeated injections at the same site is the ____ reaction

arthus

A respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction is called allergic

asthma

The general term for a localized type I allergic reaction is

atopy

is defined as a chronic allergy, such as hay fever or eczema, with localized and non-life-threatening effects.

atopy

The pathological condition arising from the production of antibodies against autoantigens is called a(n)

autoimmune disease

Severe neurological symptoms are caused by autoantibodies that attack the brain in

autoimmune encephalitis

Three methods of preventing and treating allergies involve: ________ the allergen, taking _______ that block the action of lymphocytes, mast cells, or chemical mediators, and undergoing allergen_______ therapy.

avoiding or avoid drugs, drug, medications, medication, or medicine desensitization

Immune complex deposition in the ________ of epithelial tissues triggers the tissue damage that is characteristic of Type III hypersensitivity reactions.

basement membrane

Tissue destruction occurs in type III reactions when immune complexes deposit in the ______ ______ of epithelial

basement membrane

An individual may develop Rh antibodies following placental ________ , or blood _________

blood transfusion placental sensitization

Which of the following are means that lead to the development of Rh antibodies?

blood transfusion placental sensitization

Allergies can be diagnosed ______ methods.

by both in vivo and in vitro

The term neoplasm is a synonym for

cancer or tumor

cancer involves

cells growing and spreading in an uncontrolled manner

Type II hypersensitivities involve

complement-assisted cell lysis by antibodies

The primary cell type responsible for host rejection of a graft is the _____ T cell

cytotoxic

Immunopathology is a disease state ______ of the immune response.

due to either overactivity or underactivity

Atopic dermatitis or _____ is an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itchy, red, scaly lesions.

eczema

is defined as an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itching and burning sensations. Typically, red vesicular lesions erupt, leaving the skin dry and scaly.

eczema

The immune system of an organ transplant recipient mounts a campaign to destroy the donated tissue in the condition known as

graft rejection

A malfunction of the thyroid gland in which autoantibodies directed at thyroid cells stimulate an overproduction of thyroid hormone is ____ disease

graves

The most profuse and fastest-acting allergic mediator is _____ which has profound effects on smooth muscle and glands.

histamine

The most favorable sites to obtain bone marrow cells from a donor are on the

ilium bone of the pelvis

Bone marrow is transplanted into the recipient by

intravenous drip into recipient circulation

systemic. ____ erythematosus is a chronic autoimmunity where immune complexes are deposited into the basement membranes of various organs.

lupus

Blood serum ______ contain preformed antibodies to A and B antigens without prior exposure to the antigens.

may

Although about 30% of the human population are prone to allergies, the symptoms of the majority of type I allergies are relatively

mild or minor

Placental sensitization can occur when the mother is Rh _____, whereas the fetus is Rh ____

negative, -, or -ve positive, +, or +ve

Placental sensitization can occur when the mother is Rh ______ , whereas the fetus is Rh _____

negative, -, or -ve positive, +, or +ve

There are two possible alleles for Rh type: a dominant one that codes for the Rh factor and a recessive one that does not. A person will have Rh positive blood if they inherit:

one dominant allele and one recessive allele two dominant alleles

The four ways in which secondary immune deficiency diseases are acquired are:

organic disease. infection. chemotherapy. radiation.

A study involving babies at risk for one of the common food allergies, to ____ showed that eating a small amount of this food early in life greatly reduced the incidence of developing sensitivity to the food.

peanuts or peanut

When fetal erythrocytes leak into maternal circulation during childbirth, ______ sensitization occurs.

placental

When fetal red blood cells leak into maternal circulation during childbirth, the mother's immune system responds to them by producing antibodies and memory B cells. This process is called ______ sensitization.

placental

A person inheriting at least one dominant Rh allele will be Rh ______ , whereas a person inheriting two recessive alleles will be Rh ____

positive, negative

The type of macromolecule that is more allergenic than the others is

proteins, protein, polypeptides, or polypeptide

Predominant consequences of immunodeficiencies include:

recurrent infections. opportunistic infections.

Chronic inflammation that leads to the development of scar tissue and distortion in the joints is due to the autoimmune condition called

rheumatoid arthritis

The initial effective exposure to an antigen or an allergen that stimulates an immune response but generally elicits no symptoms is called a(n) ______ dose.

sensitizing

The initial exposure to an allergen provides a(n) ______ dose that primes the immune system for a subsequent encounter with that allergen.

sensitizing

The theory that autoimmunity develops due to exposure of an antigen previously hidden behind an anatomical barrier is the _____antigen theory.

sequestered

One theory of autoimmunity is that during embryonic development, some antigens in some tissues are kept behind anatomical barriers and cannot be scanned by the immune system. This is called the ______ theory.

sequestered antigen

A neurotransmitter that is also believed to complement the effects of histamine is

serotonin

The most common food allergens are found in:

shellfish. cow's milk. peanuts. eggs.

Histamine is a potent stimulator of:

smooth muscle. eosinophils. glands.

In graft rejection,

the immune system of an organ transplant recipient mounts an attack against the donor tissue

In Graves' disease, the ______ is the target of autoimmunity.

thyroid gland

The T-cell branch of the immune system is primarily involved in ______ hypersensitivity.

type 4

Tests to diagnose allergies can be conducted by both in _____ and in ______ methods

vivo vitro

Gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergies are abdominal pain, ___ and ____

vomiting or vomit diarrhea