Chapter 16 - Lymphatic System and Immunity
102) Infection with the HIV virus occurs through A) eating contaminated food. B) airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes. C) intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids. D) casual contact with an infected individual. E) sharing clothes with an infected individual.
C) intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.
122) List and briefly describe the components of the lymphoid system.
Consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue and organs, and lymphocytes and phagocytes
103) Which of these is not a property of AIDS? A) It kills at least 17,000 people per year in the United States. B) It is spread most often through sexual contact. C) It attacks the T helper (CD4) cells. D) It is declining worldwide. E) It is almost always eventually fatal.
D) It is declining worldwide.
101) The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) cytotoxic T D) helper T E) suppressor T
D) helper T
111) ________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.
Memory
124) List and briefly describe the four general properties of immunity.
Specificity - specific defense activated by specific antigen; Versatility - large diversity of lymphocytes present to confront any antigen, any time; Memory - memory cells remember an antigen; Tolerance - immune system doesn't react to every antigen.
112) ________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.
Tolerance
118) The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called ________.
agglutination
120) Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called ________.
allergens
108) A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n) ________.
antigen
110) ________ occurs when an antigen fragment-glycoprotein complex appears in a plasma membrane.
antigen presentation
121) ________ develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues.
autoimmune disorders
107) The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called ________.
chemotaxis
104) The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the ________.
cisterna chyli
109) ________ are antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin.
dendrite cells
106) The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called ________.
diapedesis
115) When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n) ________.
immune complex
114) ________ is another name for an antibody found in body fluids.
immunoglobulin
105) ________ are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes.
lymphoid tissues
116) The process by which antibodies bind to ALL antigenic sites on viruses or toxins, rendering them incapable of binding to other cells, is called ________.
neutralization
119) The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called ________.
opsonization
117) The process by which antigens combine with antibodies to form immune complexes (in the clouds) is called ________.
precipitation
113) A measure of antibody level in the plasma is the ________.
titer
30) All of the following are true of the thymus gland, except that it A) activates B cells. B) reaches its greatest relative size before puberty. C) involutes after puberty. D) produces T cells. E) lies in the anterior mediastinum.
A) activates B cells.
78) B cells are primarily activated by the activities of A) antigens. B) antibodies. C) helper T cells. D) macrophages. E) plasma cells.
A) antigens
95) In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgM titer for the mumps virus but a low IgG anti-mumps titer. This would indicate the person A) has just recovered from mumps. B) was recently infected with mumps. C) is allergic to mumps. D) is immune to mumps. E) is relying on passive immunity.
A) has just recovered from mumps.
99) Destruction of antigens or cell lysis can be caused by all of the following except by A) helper T cells. B) cytotoxic T cells. C) antibody actions. D) macrophages. E) complement system.
A) helper T cells.
36) The white pulp of the spleen is populated by A) lymphocytes. B) trabeculae. C) arteries. D) veins. E) fibrous connective tissue.
A) lymphocytes.
57) Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. A) naturally acquired active B) natural passive C) passive D) auto E) innate
A) naturally acquired active
93) Each IgG has ________ binding site(s) for attachment to antigenic determinants. A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 8 E) 10
B) 2
92) If the disulfide bonds in IgG were broken, how many protein chains would be set free? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 12
B) 4
47) Plasma contains ________ special complement proteins that form the complement system. A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 11
B) 5
22) Lymph nodes range in diameter from A) 1 nm to 10 nm. B) 1 inch to 2 inches. C) 1 mm to 25 mm. D) 1 cm to 25 cm. E) 1 cm to 1 inch.
C) 1 mm to 25 mm.
82) Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
C) IgE
49) Fever is the maintenance of body temperature greater than A) 37.2°C. B) 99°F. C) 98.6°F. D) 37.2°C or 98.6°F E) 37.2°C or 99°F.
E) 37.2°C or 99°F.
38) The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following, except A) the skin. B) complement. C) interferon. D) inflammation. E) B and T cells.
E) B and T cells.
84) Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
E) IgM
15) Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false? A) Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic. B) Lymph first enters the subcapsular space. C) Lymph flows past dendritic cells. D) The efferent lymphatic exits at the hilum. E) The afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum.
E) The afferent lymphatics enters at the hilum.
42) Nonspecific defenses include A) phagocytic cells. B) physical barriers. C) inflammation. D) interferons. E) all of the above
E) all of the above
61) Which of the following statements about MHC proteins is NOT true? A) bind complement B) allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells C) function in antigen presentation D) fall into two major classes E) are found on all nucleated cells
A) bind complement
10) The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. A) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks B) the left jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks C) two great vessels D) the thoracic and mediastinal ducts E) superior and inferior lymphatic ducts
A) the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks
66) The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. A) NK B) B C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T
B) B
28) Dividing lymphocytes can be found in the ________ of the lymphoid nodule. A) trabeculae B) germinal center C) afferent lymphatics D) all of the above E) none of the above
B) germinal center
71) When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. A) plasma B) helper T C) NK D) suppressor T E) cytotoxic T
B) helper T
69) Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only A) when plasma cells are releasing antibodies. B) in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. C) when cytotoxic T cells are inhibited. D) when NK cells are activated. E) during infections.
B) in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.
41) Various types of macrophages are derived from A) lymphocytes. B) monocytes. C) neutrophils. D) eosinophils. E) basophils.
B) monocytes.
98) Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are A) immunodeficiency diseases. B) autoimmune diseases. C) allergies. D) the result of stress. E) signs of a weak system.
C) allergies.
46) The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to A) the cell wall of bacteria. B) the plasma membrane of bacteria. C) an antibody attached to an antigen. D) a cell surface antigen. E) a plasma protein.
C) an antibody attached to an antigen.
65) Newborns gain their immunity initially from A) early immunizations. B) contact with viruses and bacteria. C) antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother. D) contact with siblings. E) breast milk.
C) antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.
100) Autoantibodies A) are produced by activated T cells. B) are produced during an allergic reaction. C) are directed against the body's own antigens. D) are the first step in immunological competence. E) are important in tissue rejection reactions.
C) are directed against the body's own antigens.
6) Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body, except the A) CNS. B) periphery. C) renal arteries. D) groin. E) throat.
A) CNS.
85) Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
A) IgA.
94) During a primary immune response, the A) IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer. B) IgG titer is initially higher than the IgM titer. C) IgM titer and the IgG titer rise in parallel.
A) IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer.
44) The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. A) NK B) plasma C) B D) helper T E) suppressor T
A) NK
27) Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "4." A) T cells B) B cells C) erythrocytes D) platelets E) monocyte
A) T cells
16) ________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. A) Tonsils B) Peyer's patches C) Lymph nodes D) Immune complexes E) Spleens
A) Tonsils
26) Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "6." A) T cells B) B cells C) erythrocytes D) platelets E) monocyte
B) B cells
83) Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
B) IgD.
21) The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell. A) B B) T C) plasma D) nodule E) NK
B) T
9) Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with A) hyaline cartilage. B) blood vessels. C) adipose tissue. D) sensory nerve endings. E) both hyaline cartilage and adipose tissue.
B) blood vessels.
24) Identify the structure labeled "3." A) cortex B) capsule C) subcapsular space D) trabeculae E) outer cortex
B) capsule
79) Helper T cells do all of the following, except A) activate sensitized B cells by costimulation. B) destroy target cells using perforins. C) enhance cell-mediated immunity. D) secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells. E) enhance antibody-mediated immunity.
B) destroy target cells using perforins.
37) Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? A) T lymphocytes B) free and fixed macrophages C) B lymphocytes D) neutrophils E) red blood cells
B) free and fixed macrophages
58) Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. A) active B) naturally acquired passive C) passive D) auto E) innate
B) naturally acquired passive
76) The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells. A) NK B) plasma C) helper T D) thymus E) liver
B) plasma
51) The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would A) cause inflammation. B) produce a fever. C) activate complement. D) opsonize pathogens. E) activate antibodies.
B) produce a fever.
8) The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions, except the A) left breast. B) right breast. C) left arm and shoulder. D) pelvic viscera. E) left side of the neck.
B) right breast.
55) Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by A) nonspecific immunity. B) specific immunity. C) immunological surveillance. D) skin defenses. E) fever.
B) specific immunity.
1) The lymphoid system is composed of all of the following, except A) lymphatic vessels. B) the venae cavae. C) the spleen. D) lymph nodes. E) lymph.
B) the venae cavae.
7) Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the A) right lymphatic duct. B) thoracic duct. C) cisterna chyli. D) hepatic portal vein. E) dural sinus.
B) thoracic duct.
14) T is to ________ as B is to ________. A) top; bottom B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived C) thyroid; bowel D) non-thymus-dependent; bottom E) none of the above
B) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
17) ________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. A) Tonsils B) Adenoids C) Peyer's patches D) Immune complexes E) Lymph glands
C) Peyer's patches
32) If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of A) B lymphocytes. B) NK cells. C) T cells. D) neutrophils. E) NK cells and T cells.
C) T cells.
20) The medulla of a lymph node contain ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells. A) cytotoxic T B) medullary C) NK D) B E) cordal
D) B
81) Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
D) IgG.
89) The most abundant type of antibody is A) IgA. B) IgD. C) IgE. D) IgG. E) IgM.
D) IgG.
91) ________ is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen. A) IgG B) IgE C) IgD D) IgM E) IgA
D) IgM
74) Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of these chemical weapons? A) secrete strong acid B) secrete organic solvent C) secrete free radicals D) activate genes that trigger apoptosis E) secrete mutant proteins
D) activate genes that trigger apoptosis
23) Identify the structure labeled "1." A) efferent lymphatic vessel B) venule C) arteriole D) afferent lymphatic vessel E) lymphatic nodule
D) afferent lymphatic vessel
11) In general, lymphocytes A) spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue. B) have relatively long life spans. C) have one nucleus. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
13) Lymphocyte production involves A) bone marrow. B) thymus tissue. C) peripheral lymphoid tissues. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
60) The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to A) activate T cells. B) display antigen fragments. C) process antigens. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
97) The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in A) neutralization of the antigen. B) agglutination or precipitation. C) complement activation and opsonization. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
33) Lymphocytes may be found in which of the following tissues or organs? A) tonsils B) spleen C) lymph nodes D) thymus E) all of the above
E) all of the above
43) Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include A) sebaceous glands. B) mucus. C) epithelia. D) epidermal layers. E) all of the above
E) all of the above
48) Inflammation produces localized A) swelling. B) redness. C) heat. D) pain. E) all of the above
E) all of the above
54) Characteristics of specific defenses include A) versatility. B) tolerance. C) memory. D) specificity. E) all of the above
E) all of the above
39) Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, except A) body hair. B) epithelium. C) secretions. D) complement. E) basement membranes.
E) basement membranes.
59) In passive immunity, the A) immune system attacks normal body cells. B) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. C) body receives antibodies produced by other humans. D) body receives antibodies produced by an animal. E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal.
E) body receives antibodies produced by other humans or the body receives antibodies produced by an animal.
3) The lymphocytes are most important in A) helping maintain normal blood volume. B) transporting gases to and away from lymph nodes. C) eliminating variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. D) transporting lipids from the digestive tract. E) fighting infection.
E) fighting infection.
56) Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. A) active B) natural passive C) passive D) auto E) innate
E) innate
67) Specific defenses depend on the activities of A) monocytes. B) leukocytes. C) agranulocytes. D) erythrocytes. E) lymphocytes.
E) lymphocytes.
18) Lymph nodes do all of the following, except that they A) produce antibodies. B) monitor the contents of lymph. C) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. D) detect pathogens. E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.
E) remove excess nutrients from the lymph.
5) Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following, except A) the thymus. B) lymphoid nodules. C) lymph node organs. D) the spleen. E) the brain.
E) the brain
90) In IgG, the antigen binding site is formed by A) the variable segment of the light chain. B) the variable segment of the heavy chain. C) the constant segment of the heavy chain. D) the variable segment of the light chain + the variable segment of the heavy chain. E) the variable segment of the light chain + the constant segment of the heavy chain.
E) the variable segment of the light chain + the constant segment of the heavy chain.
87) All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity, except that it A) depends on memory B cells. B) results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. C) results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. D) produces more IgG antibodies. E) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.
E) weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.
123) What is MALT? What role does it play in the body's defenses?
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue - lymphoid tissues that protect the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems
40) The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the A) T cells. B) B cells. C) NK cells. D) phagocytes. E) plasma cells.
D) phagocytes.
19) Lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissues in what way? A) They contain T lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues do not. B) They are found in the digestive tract and lymphoid tissues are found in the thorax. C) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not. D) They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphoid tissues can. E) none of the above
C) They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphoid tissues are not.
25) Identify the structure labeled "6." A) medulla B) capsule C) cortex D) trabeculae E) cortical sinus
C) cortex
2) The primary function of the lymphoid system is A) circulation of nutrients. B) the transport of hormones. C) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats. D) the production and distribution of plasma proteins. E) both the transport of hormones and the production and distribution of plasma proteins.
C) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
77) Cells that help REGULATE the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) NK
C) helper T
45) The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, except A) destruction of target cell plasma membranes. B) stimulation of inflammation. C) inhibition of the immune response. D) enhanced phagocytosis. E) histamine release.
C) inhibition of the immune response.
88) All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity, except that A) it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. B) it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. C) it is delayed by the memory cell stage. D) circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. E) it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.
C) it is delayed by the memory cell stage.
50) An inflammatory response is triggered when A) red blood cells release pyrogens. B) T cells release interferon. C) mast cells release histamine and heparin. D) neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. E) blood flow to an area increases.
C) mast cells release histamine and heparin.
70) In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of A) innate immunity. B) active immunization. C) passive immunity. D) natural immunity. E) alloimmunity.
C) passive immunity
12) Lymphocytes A) are all actively phagocytic. B) destroy red blood cells. C) respond to antigens. D) are primarily found in red bone marrow. E) decrease in number during infection.
C) respond to antigens.
29) Leslie has a bad sore throat, and the lymph glands in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that A) the focus of the infection is the lymph glands. B) lymph is not flowing through these lymph glands. C) the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes. D) the lymph gland is actively producing phagocytes. E) the lymph gland has increased its secretion of thymosin.
C) the affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes. or D) the lymph gland is actively producing phagocytes
34) Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as A) Peyer's patches. B) adenoids. C) white pulp. D) red pulp. E) lymph nodes.
C) white pulp.
4) Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following, except that they A) have no basement membrane. B) are larger in diameter. C) have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. D) are smaller in diameter. E) are frequently irregular in shape.
D) are smaller in diameter.
62) When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) NK
D) cytotoxic T
68) The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T
D) cytotoxic T
72) Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. A) B B) plasma C) helper T D) cytotoxic T E) suppressor T
D) cytotoxic T
64) Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must A) infect cells. B) be processed by a phagocyte. C) bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. D) depolarize the lymphocyte. E) either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.
D) depolarize the lymphocyte.
75) T cells and B cells can be activated only by A) pathogens. B) interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors. C) cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells. D) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane. E) disease-causing agents.
D) exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.
80) The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their A) asymmetry. B) antigen specificity. C) light-chain variable segments. D) heavy-chain constant segments. E) both light-chain variable segments and heavy-chain constant segments.
D) heavy-chain constant segments.
73) Suppressor T cells act to A) suppress antigens. B) erase memory T cells. C) limit antigen proliferation. D) inhibit T and B cell activities. E) produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity.
D) inhibit T and B cell activities.
53) A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John A) is feeling achy. B) is producing T lymphocytes. C) has a sore throat. D) is running a fever. E) has swollen lymph nodes.
D) is running a fever.
63) Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? A) all body cells with a nucleus B) red blood cells C) granulocytes and microphages D) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells E) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen
D) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells
52) Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation, except A) redness of the inflamed tissue. B) chemotaxis of phagocytes. C) heat of the inflamed tissue. D) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. E) swelling of the inflamed tissue.
D) movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space.
86) During a primary humoral response to antigens, all of the following occur, except A) the antigen must activate appropriate B cells. B) B cells may take time to develop into plasma cells and memory cells. C) antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. D) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. E) the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.
D) neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.
35) The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the A) liver. B) thymus. C) tonsils. D) spleen. E) lymph nodes.
D) spleen.
96) A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably A) blood. B) lymph. C) serum. D) tears. E) interstitial.
D) tears.
31) Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the A) bone marrow. B) liver. C) spleen. D) thymus. E) kidneys.
D) thymus (born in bone marrow)