Chapter 17
_____________ _____________, which are unstable oxygen molecules, ricochet around cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures
free radicals
As compared to men, older women are less likely to have
hearing problems
Which of the following is/are the most common of the chronic conditions associated with the greatest limitation on work?
heart conditions
As compared to other age groups, among older adults, the frequency of binge drinking in the last 30 days was
highest
As compared to other stages of adulthood, chronic diseases are __________- in late adulthood
more common
When it comes to aging, which of the following is most likely?
more than one of the biological processes contribute to aging
Exercise can increase ___________ and __________ mass and decrease ___________ fragility
muscle bone bone
Alvin is 88, so some researchers would classify him as
oldest-old
According to research, exercise reduces the risk of which of the following chronic diseases?
osteoporosis type 2 diabetes cardiovascular disease
What is the relationship between physical activity and longevity?
people who exercise regularly tend to live considerably longer
Hearing difficulties in older adults have been attributed to which of the following?
poor nutrition lifetime of smoking
Shrinkage in which part of the brain is attributable to decreases in working memory and other cognitive abilities in older adults?
prefrontal cortex
Which of the following brain regions is the most vulnerable to the aging process?
prefrontal cortex
Most recently, which of the following has been a major contributor to increased longevity?
reduced infant mortality
Which of the following statements about the connection between calorie restriction and longevity is accurate?
research findings on the topic are mixed; further research is needed
Many of the visual problems in older adults result from a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the
retina
Common changes in physical appearnace in late adulthood include which of the folllowing?
sagging due to muscle loss facial wrinkles age spots
Match the neurotransmitter to the description of how reduced levels affect brain functioning: acetylcholine
small declines in memory as well as Alzheimer disease
A 2016 study shows that older adults age 80 and above experience a greater decline in ___________ than they do a decline in ____________
smell taste
Of the following factors, which would be the most likely to increase the likelihood that someone would be limited by a chronic disorder?
socioeconomic status
Which of the following statements about obesity and overweight are true?
some researchers believe that inactivity and low cardiorespiratory fitness are greater threats to health and longevity than being over weight obesity is linked to the acceleration of diseases in many older adults being obese is associated with an all-cause mortality
What is the treatment for cataracts?
surgical removal
Which of the following statements about substance use and abuse in late adulthood are true?
the risk of abuse is increased because older adults often take multiple medications drug abuse can be easily missed because symptoms are often wrongly attributed to other causes
Although there are individual differences, research shows that seeing, hearing, and other aspects of sensory functioning, are linked with the ability to perform everyday activities
true
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for adults over the age of 75
true
If adults sleep less than 7 hours or more than 9 hours a night, their cognitive functioning is harmed
true
Since 1900, life expectancy has increased by an average of 30 years
true
The hormonal stress theory of aging states that aging wears down certain internal body systems, which lowers resistance to stress and increases the likelihood of disease
true
Genetic and cellular process theories of aging involve which of the following?
telomeres sirutuins mTOR pathway free radicals mitochondria
Which of the following biological explanations for why women tend to outlive men are true?
the extra X chromosome may be associated with greater antibody production women have more resistance to degenerative diseases women have more resistance to infections
In which of the following regions of the brain have researchers documented that neurogenesis occurs?
the olfactory bulb hippocampus
According to research, which biological theory best explains aging?
the question is yet to be answered
Which of the following are treatments for arthritis?
weight loss joint replacement pain medications exercise
After 80 years of age, about ________ men have trouble getting and/or keeping erections
1 out of 2
At 60 years of age, the retina receives about ______ as much light as it did at 20 years of age.
1/3
A supercentenarian is someone who lives to be
110
The average life expectancy of individuals born in 2018 in the USA was ~ __________ years
79
Females make up about __________ of the cases of osteoporosis in the USA today
80%
Researchers have found that dendritic growth no longer occurs in people in their
90s
In the USA, members of which ethnic group have high death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer?
African Americans
Life expectancy differs for various ethnic groups. For example, the life expectancy of ___________ in the United States is 6.5 years lower than the life expectancy of __________-
African Americans Latinos
Which of the following ethnic groups have low death rates from stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer?
Asian Americans Latinos
Criticisms of the evolutionary theory of aging include which of the following?
It is not able to be empirically studied it does not account for cultural influences
Which of the following are reasons that Latinos live longer than non-Latino Whites despite having lower educational attainment and income levels?
Latino tend to support and interact more with their relative, resulting in less loneliness Latino immigrants who decide to stay in the United States tend to be healthier than average Latinos are less likely to smoke than non-Latino Whites
Of the groups listed, which has the longest life expectancy in the United States ?
Latino women
Regarding living arrangements and health care for the elderly, which of the following statements are TRUE?
More than 1/3 of nursing homes and extended care facilities do not meet the federally mandated minimum standards one issue of concern for elderly adults living in nursing homes is that they are not given the lifestyle freedom within their range of abilities
which statements about nursing homes are accurate?
Patients often feel depersonalized there are concerns about safety and care at over 1/3 of American nursing homes
Zack experiences inflammation of his joints as well as pain, stiffness, and problems moving his legs. Zack is showing signs of having
arthritis
Although there are some mixed findings, research generally shows that being overweight is
associated with earlier death
Exercise is associated with which of the following in older adults?
better cognitive function improved brain functioning overall affective functioning
Evolutionary theory, genetic/cellular process theories, and hormonal stress theory are all _________ theories
biological
In virtually all species, females outlive males, and women have more resistance to infections and degenerative diseases. These are examples of ___________ factors affecting sex differences and longevity
biological
The leading cause of death in adults between the ages of 65 and 74 is
cancer
According to one research analysis, energy expended by older adults that burns up at least 1,000 calories a week was estimated to increase life expectancy by ______ percent.
30
Lung capacity drops _______% between the ages of 20 and 80
40
Some researchers classify people by age. People between the ages of __________ are classified as young old
65 and 84
Which of the following are common changes affecting visual acuity in late adulthood?
difficulty adapting to darkness reduced tolerance for glare reduced peripheral vision
What condition involves a thickening of the lens of the eye, which causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted?
cataracts
Researchers have found that exercise improves _______________ functioning in older adults. For example, researchers recently have discovered that aerobic exercise is linked to greater telomere length in older adults
cellular
The biological theory of aging known as the _________________ theory suggests that cells can divide a maximum number of about 75 to 80 times and that cells become less capable of dividing as people age
cellular clock
The United States had a low growth rate in predicted life expectancy due to high rates of each of the following?
child and maternal morality homicide rate BMI
Diseases with a slow onset and a long duration are referred to as __________- diseases
chronic
Recent research has found that ________ is a contributing factor in macular degeneration
cigarette smoking
Cellular __________ theory, also known as telomere theory, holds that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that as people age, their cells become less capable of dividing
clock
A yellowing of the lens affects how well an individual perceives
color
Older adults experience which of the following visual changes as they age?
declines in visual acuity problems with color vision diseases of the eye
Which of the following are typical in terms of physical appearance and movement in aging adults?
decrease in height due to bone loss wrinkles and age spots mobility problems
Which of the following areas reflect the adaptiveness of the brain in older adults?
delateralization the capacity to generate new neurons dendritic growth
The receiving portion of the neuron is the ______________. Researchers have found that growth in these areas can occur even in older adults
dendrites
Declines in which of the following have been associated with cognitive decline in older adults?
depth perception contrast sensitivity visual acuity
What is the "Latino Health Paradox?"
despite having lower educational attainment and incomes, Latinos live longer than non-Latino whites
In older men, orgasm occur
every second or third attempt
Which theory of aging supports the idea that if Alzheimer disease occured earlier in development, it might have been eliminated many centuries ago?
evolutionary theory
According to recent research in healthy aging, what causes the decrease in brain volume?
fewer synapses shrinkage of neurons shorter axons
The ____________ theory of aging states that people age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA and other cellular structures, leading to disorders
free-radical
Free-radical theory, mitochondrial theory, and sirtuin theory are all _________ theories of aging
genetic/cellular process
Which of the following are biological theories of aging?
genetic/cellular process theories hormonal stress theory evolutionary theory
What is the medical condition that happens when excess pressure inside the eye causes damage to the optic nerve?
glaucoma
_____________ stress theory states that aging wears down certain internal body systems, which lowers resistance to stress and disease
hormonal
The two most common chronic disorders in late adulthood are arthritis and ______________
hypertension
Match the neurotransmitter to the description of how reduced levels affect brain functioning: dopamine
impaired ability to plan and carry out moro activities; severe reductions linked with Parkinson disease
Which of the following are linked to defects in mitochondria?
impaired liver functioning Alzheimer disease Parkinson disease
Hearing problems in older adults have been associated with which of the following?
increased loneliness increased falls accelerated cognitive decline
Research indicates that demyelination of the brain occurs in aging adults. The myelin sheath is associated with
information processing
According to the evolutionary theory of aging, natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults because natural selection
is linked to reproductive fitness
Which of the following are true of glaucoma?
it can be treated with eyedrops if untreated, it can destroy a person's vision
The number of years that an average person born in a specific year will most likely live is called
life expectancy
The term _________ refers to the maximum number of years that an individual can live
life span
In older adults, sensory decline is
linked to cognitive decline
Dual sensory loss in vision and hearing has been linked to increased
loneliness
According to the mitochondrial theory of aging, what causes mitochondria decay?
loss of critical micronutrients supplied by the cell oxidative damage
Which of the following is most often the result of osteoporosis?
marked stoop
People with macular degeneration
may be able to see on the periphery, but not what is directly in front of them
__________ are tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair
mitochondria
The generation of new neurons is called
neurogenesis
Which of the following sensory functions decline as a result of aging?
vision hearing smell
