Chapter 17

True/False: Each of the body's blood-borne hormones comes from the major endocrine glands, namely, the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, or adrenal glands.

False

what is the very porous capillary network associated with the hypothalamus

primary plexus

What is the functioning of acinar cells in the pancreas?

producing an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids in digestion in the small intestine

TRH, PRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH, PIH, GIH

regulatory hormones

What type of cells perform the endocrine activities in the pancreas?

pancreatic islets

The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the ________.

posterior; spleen

What does this describe? unmyelinated axons from the neurons in the hypothalamus extend through the infundibulum to connect to the posterior pituitary gland.

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A rise in amino acid levels or a decrease in glucose levels causes a ________ in GH levels

increase

Exercise causes an _________ in GH levels.

increase

which hormones function in the development of gametes (2 hormones)

luteinizing hormone (LH); follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which hormone regulates the body's circadian rhythm

melatonin

the zona glomerulosa synthesizes_________.

mineralocorticoids

which hormone group functions to regulate blood sodium and potassium levels

mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

What are the three sections of the adrenal cortex

outer zona glomerulosa, middle zona fasciculata, inner zona reticularis

which hormone functions in uterine contractions and breast milk release

oxytocin

What are the two hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary?

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Where is oxytocin secreted?

paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus

What are the three distinct areas of the anterior pituitary?

pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia

a plasma membrane protein that binds with activated G protein; a type of signal transduction pathway for water-soluble hormones.

phospholipase C

Are the adrenal glands posterior or anterior to the parietal peritoneum?

posterior

The pineal gland forms which part of the epithalamus

posterior

The hormones that come from the ______________ are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive

posterior pituitary

What are the two hypothalamic nuclei associated with the posterior pituitary?

supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

The binding of a hormone and a carrier protein is _______; a very ______ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time.

temporary; large

What is the definition of the half-life of a hormone

the amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally.

Definition: hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

a blood vessel network that provides a direct pathway between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

humoral stimulation definition

a stimulus that is a change in the level of nutrient molecules or ions in the blood.

which hormones function to stimulate maturation and function of the male reproductive system

androgens (testosterone), inhibin

which hormone's function is fluid balance

antidiuretic hormone

What are eicosanoids synthesized from?

arachidonic acid

the initiation of cellular change in the same cell from which the same hormone was formed

autocrine stimulation

Which hormone increases the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

What is the hormone that the adrenal glands secrete?

Cortisol

Which hormone's function is to increase the availability of nutrient molecules to support the response to stress?

Cortisol

Which disease is caused by excessive excretion of glucocorticoids and is characterized by "moon face"?

Cushing syndrome

which hormone functions to increase blood glucose

glucagon

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Insulin has what effect on blood glucose levels?

Insulin initiates cellular change that decreases blood glucose levels.

The thyroid gland requires ______ to synthesize thyroid hormone

Iodine

Which hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

Melatonin

Hormone groups secreted by the adrenal cortex include:

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

What targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland?

TSH

How are eicosanoids synthesized?

Through a series of enzymes called an enzymatic cascade.

The follicular cells of the thyroid produce/release TH by first synthesizing what glycoprotein?

Thyroglobulin (TGB)

True/False: Eicosanoids are the primary type of local hormone

True

True/False: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) is a glycoprotein.

True

True/False: Hormones regulate activity in the digestive system.

True

True/False: Hormones regulate blood volume, cellular concentration, and number of platelets.

True

What is the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex stimulated by?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which hormone functions to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which hormone activates second messengers and stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

glucagon

TH functions:

metabolic rate; body temperature by increasing protein synthesis

What types of cells do pancreatic islets secrete?

alpha cells (secrete glucagon) and beta cells (secrete insulin)

What is the normal range of glucose concentration in the blood?

70-110 mg

What is a G protein?

A molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell.

Cell types found in the pancreatic islets

Alpha cell, beta cell, delta cell, F cell

Do glucagon and insulin have a synergistic, permissive, or antagonistic interaction?

Antagonistic

Which hormones are collectively called gonadotropins?

FSH and LH

True/False: Somatostatin suppresses the release of pancreatic polypeptide.

False

True/False: Protein hormones are lipid soluble.

False. They are water soluble.

True/False: Lipophilic hormones bind to the membrane-bound receptors of target cells

False; they bind intracellularly because they have the ability to pass through the cell membrane

The specific hormones that act on gonads to stimulate development of gametes

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)

Glucagon has what effect on blood glucose levels?

Glucagon initiates cellular change that increases blood glucose levels

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Posterior to the thyroid

The hormone that is released from the anterior pituitary gland but is NOT a tropic hormone?

Prolactin

The hormone that acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk production

Prolactin (PRL)

What are the hormones that are released from the hypothalamus; they are secreted into the blood to regulate secretion of anterior pituitary hormones?

Regulatory hormones

What are the three classes of hormones?

Steroids, proteins, and biogenic amines

What are the primary hormones of the anterior pituitary gland? (HINT: TP - FLAG)

T - thyroid-stimulating hormone P - prolactin F - follicle-stimulating hormone L - luteinizing hormone A - adrenocorticotropic hormone G - growth hormone

What type of cells perform the exocrine activities in the pancreas?

acinar cells

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause _________.

acromegaly

What is another name for the anterior pituitary?

adenohypophysis

Which part of the adrenal gland is yellow?

adrenal cortex

Which part of the adrenal gland is the inner core that releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic nervous stimulation?

adrenal medulla

The hormone that acts on the adrenal cortex to cause release of corticosteroids

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels, binds to plasma membrane receptors to activate cAMP, which helps to break down different substances for the release of glucose into the bloodstream.

glucagon

the zona fasciculata synthesizes ____________.

glucocorticoids

What do parathyroid glands function to raise?

blood calcium level

which hormone functions in participation of stress response

glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

the zona reticularis synthesizes ______________.

gonadocorticoids

which hormone functions in decreasing blood calcium levels

calcitonin

which hormone functions in prolonged flight-or-flight response

catecholamines (e.g. epinephrine and norepinephrine)

What are steroids synthesized from?

cholesterol

The hypothalamus releases ______, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH.

corticotropin-release hormone (CRH)

which hormone functions to stimulate maturation and functioning of the reproductive system

gonadocorticoids (e.g. androgens)

which hormone functions to stimulate cell growth and division

growth hormone

In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and _______ protein metabolism.

decreases; increases

which hormones function to stimulate maturation and function of female reproductive system

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin

The pancreas performs both _____ and ______ activities, making it a heterocrine gland.

exocrine; endocrine

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose.

increase; increase

Oxytocin causes the increase in production of what in its target cells?

inositol triphosphate

which hormone functions to decrease blood glucose

insulin

Does cortisol bind to intracellular or membrane-bound receptors?

intracellular

What is the portion of the thyroid that connects the right and left lobes?

isthmus

What type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

lipid soluble hormones

What type of circulation hormone is the thyroid hormone?

lipid-soluble biogenic amine

which hormone functions in breast milk production

prolactin

what is the capillary network associated with the anterior pituitary

secondary plexus

Hormones are secreted by _______ cells in the anterior pituitary gland

somatotrophic

paracrine stimulation definition

the initiation of change in the neighboring cells from which the hormone was formed

Definition: down-regulation

the process by which a cell decreases its number of receptors and reduces the cell's sensitivity to a hormone

Definition: up-regulation

the process by which cells increase the number of receptors, thereby increasing cell sensitivity to a hormone

which hormone functions to stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

The hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands/cells to secrete other hormones are called?

tropic hormones

The metabolic condition called _____results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response

type 1 diabetes