Chapter 17
True/False: Each of the body's blood-borne hormones comes from the major endocrine glands, namely, the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, or adrenal glands.
False
what is the very porous capillary network associated with the hypothalamus
primary plexus
What is the functioning of acinar cells in the pancreas?
producing an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids in digestion in the small intestine
TRH, PRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH, PIH, GIH
regulatory hormones
What type of cells perform the endocrine activities in the pancreas?
pancreatic islets
The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the ________.
posterior; spleen
What does this describe? unmyelinated axons from the neurons in the hypothalamus extend through the infundibulum to connect to the posterior pituitary gland.
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
A rise in amino acid levels or a decrease in glucose levels causes a ________ in GH levels
increase
Exercise causes an _________ in GH levels.
increase
which hormones function in the development of gametes (2 hormones)
luteinizing hormone (LH); follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which hormone regulates the body's circadian rhythm
melatonin
the zona glomerulosa synthesizes_________.
mineralocorticoids
which hormone group functions to regulate blood sodium and potassium levels
mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)
What are the three sections of the adrenal cortex
outer zona glomerulosa, middle zona fasciculata, inner zona reticularis
which hormone functions in uterine contractions and breast milk release
oxytocin
What are the two hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary?
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Where is oxytocin secreted?
paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus
What are the three distinct areas of the anterior pituitary?
pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia
a plasma membrane protein that binds with activated G protein; a type of signal transduction pathway for water-soluble hormones.
phospholipase C
Are the adrenal glands posterior or anterior to the parietal peritoneum?
posterior
The pineal gland forms which part of the epithalamus
posterior
The hormones that come from the ______________ are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive
posterior pituitary
What are the two hypothalamic nuclei associated with the posterior pituitary?
supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus
The binding of a hormone and a carrier protein is _______; a very ______ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time.
temporary; large
What is the definition of the half-life of a hormone
the amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally.
Definition: hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
a blood vessel network that provides a direct pathway between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary
humoral stimulation definition
a stimulus that is a change in the level of nutrient molecules or ions in the blood.
which hormones function to stimulate maturation and function of the male reproductive system
androgens (testosterone), inhibin
which hormone's function is fluid balance
antidiuretic hormone
What are eicosanoids synthesized from?
arachidonic acid
the initiation of cellular change in the same cell from which the same hormone was formed
autocrine stimulation
Which hormone increases the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
What is the hormone that the adrenal glands secrete?
Cortisol
Which hormone's function is to increase the availability of nutrient molecules to support the response to stress?
Cortisol
Which disease is caused by excessive excretion of glucocorticoids and is characterized by "moon face"?
Cushing syndrome
which hormone functions to increase blood glucose
glucagon
Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Insulin has what effect on blood glucose levels?
Insulin initiates cellular change that decreases blood glucose levels.
The thyroid gland requires ______ to synthesize thyroid hormone
Iodine
Which hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
Hormone groups secreted by the adrenal cortex include:
Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
What targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland?
TSH
How are eicosanoids synthesized?
Through a series of enzymes called an enzymatic cascade.
The follicular cells of the thyroid produce/release TH by first synthesizing what glycoprotein?
Thyroglobulin (TGB)
True/False: Eicosanoids are the primary type of local hormone
True
True/False: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) is a glycoprotein.
True
True/False: Hormones regulate activity in the digestive system.
True
True/False: Hormones regulate blood volume, cellular concentration, and number of platelets.
True
What is the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex stimulated by?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Which hormone functions to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Which hormone activates second messengers and stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?
glucagon
TH functions:
metabolic rate; body temperature by increasing protein synthesis
What types of cells do pancreatic islets secrete?
alpha cells (secrete glucagon) and beta cells (secrete insulin)
What is the normal range of glucose concentration in the blood?
70-110 mg
What is a G protein?
A molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell.
Cell types found in the pancreatic islets
Alpha cell, beta cell, delta cell, F cell
Do glucagon and insulin have a synergistic, permissive, or antagonistic interaction?
Antagonistic
Which hormones are collectively called gonadotropins?
FSH and LH
True/False: Somatostatin suppresses the release of pancreatic polypeptide.
False
True/False: Protein hormones are lipid soluble.
False. They are water soluble.
True/False: Lipophilic hormones bind to the membrane-bound receptors of target cells
False; they bind intracellularly because they have the ability to pass through the cell membrane
The specific hormones that act on gonads to stimulate development of gametes
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH)
Glucagon has what effect on blood glucose levels?
Glucagon initiates cellular change that increases blood glucose levels
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Posterior to the thyroid
The hormone that is released from the anterior pituitary gland but is NOT a tropic hormone?
Prolactin
The hormone that acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk production
Prolactin (PRL)
What are the hormones that are released from the hypothalamus; they are secreted into the blood to regulate secretion of anterior pituitary hormones?
Regulatory hormones
What are the three classes of hormones?
Steroids, proteins, and biogenic amines
What are the primary hormones of the anterior pituitary gland? (HINT: TP - FLAG)
T - thyroid-stimulating hormone P - prolactin F - follicle-stimulating hormone L - luteinizing hormone A - adrenocorticotropic hormone G - growth hormone
What type of cells perform the exocrine activities in the pancreas?
acinar cells
Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause _________.
acromegaly
What is another name for the anterior pituitary?
adenohypophysis
Which part of the adrenal gland is yellow?
adrenal cortex
Which part of the adrenal gland is the inner core that releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic nervous stimulation?
adrenal medulla
The hormone that acts on the adrenal cortex to cause release of corticosteroids
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels, binds to plasma membrane receptors to activate cAMP, which helps to break down different substances for the release of glucose into the bloodstream.
glucagon
the zona fasciculata synthesizes ____________.
glucocorticoids
What do parathyroid glands function to raise?
blood calcium level
which hormone functions in participation of stress response
glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)
the zona reticularis synthesizes ______________.
gonadocorticoids
which hormone functions in decreasing blood calcium levels
calcitonin
which hormone functions in prolonged flight-or-flight response
catecholamines (e.g. epinephrine and norepinephrine)
What are steroids synthesized from?
cholesterol
The hypothalamus releases ______, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH.
corticotropin-release hormone (CRH)
which hormone functions to stimulate maturation and functioning of the reproductive system
gonadocorticoids (e.g. androgens)
which hormone functions to stimulate cell growth and division
growth hormone
In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and _______ protein metabolism.
decreases; increases
which hormones function to stimulate maturation and function of female reproductive system
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
The pancreas performs both _____ and ______ activities, making it a heterocrine gland.
exocrine; endocrine
Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose.
increase; increase
Oxytocin causes the increase in production of what in its target cells?
inositol triphosphate
which hormone functions to decrease blood glucose
insulin
Does cortisol bind to intracellular or membrane-bound receptors?
intracellular
What is the portion of the thyroid that connects the right and left lobes?
isthmus
What type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?
lipid soluble hormones
What type of circulation hormone is the thyroid hormone?
lipid-soluble biogenic amine
which hormone functions in breast milk production
prolactin
what is the capillary network associated with the anterior pituitary
secondary plexus
Hormones are secreted by _______ cells in the anterior pituitary gland
somatotrophic
paracrine stimulation definition
the initiation of change in the neighboring cells from which the hormone was formed
Definition: down-regulation
the process by which a cell decreases its number of receptors and reduces the cell's sensitivity to a hormone
Definition: up-regulation
the process by which cells increase the number of receptors, thereby increasing cell sensitivity to a hormone
which hormone functions to stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
The hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands/cells to secrete other hormones are called?
tropic hormones
The metabolic condition called _____results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response
type 1 diabetes