Chapter 17: Anti-infective Drugs

d. Allergic hypersensitivity, direct toxicity, and indirect toxicity (superinfection)

Adverse reactions to anti-infectives can be divided into what major categories?

d. Gram-negative and gram-positive

Aminoglycosides, in combination with other antibiotics, are used to treat infections caused by what type of bacteria?

b. Severe fungal infections resulting from immunosuppressive therapy, AIDS, or severe illness such as meningitis

Amphotericin B is considered to be the drug of choice for treating what conditions?

d. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSRA), potentially life-threatening infections caused by organisms not treatable with less-toxic agents, gram-positive infections in clients who are allergic to penicillin clients and some endocarditis

Because of the increase in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), under what conditions should vancomycin be used as an anti-infective?

d. To treat asymptomatic infection and to treat active clinical tuberculosis or prevent relapse

For what purposes are antituberculosis agents administered?

d. Client age, status of renal and hepatic function, and pregnancy or lactation

In addition to the site of the infection, known allergies, and likelihood of organisms developing resistance, what other factors determine selection of an anti-infective drug for a client?

b. Amoebiasis and giardiasis, anaerobic bacterial infections, Crohn's disease, and in combination with other drugs, H. pylori

Metronidazole (Flagyl) is especially effective in the treatment of what systemic conditions?

a. Uncomplicated acute illness due to types A and B influenza

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are prescribed to treat what type of illness?

d. With infections that require therapy with a fluoroquinolone, such as Pseudomonas infections

Quinolones such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro) should be reserved for use under what circumstances?

c. Acute and complicated urinary tract infections, enteritis, and otitis media

Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim) are used to treat what health problems?

a. Rickettsia, chlamydia, and uncommon bacterial infections such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Tetracyclines are used in the treatment of what type of infections?

d. Anyone over 6 months

The CDC recommends the annual influenza vaccine for what ages?

c. Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and varicella zoster

The antiviral drug acyclovir is used to treat what infections?

a. Third generation

The health care practitioner needs to give an intramuscular injection to a client for treatment of a sexually transmitted infection. A cephalosporin, Rocephin, is ordered IM. The health care practitioner knows that cephalosporins prescribed for STDs belong to which generation?

b. Overuse, incomplete treatment of infection, or being discontinued before full effectiveness is achieved

Under what circumstances can organisms become resistant to medications?

a. Hypersensitivity, blood dyscrasias, renal toxicity, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

What are the MAJOR side effects of cephalosporins?

b. Achieve maximal and durable suppression of viral load, restore and/or preserve immunological function, improve quality of life, reduce HIV-related morbidity, prolong survival, and prevent vertical HIV transmission.

What are the goals of HIV therapy?

b. Macrolides

What classification of anti-infectives is considered to be among the LEAST toxic antibiotics?

d. Penicillin

What medication is used for the prophylactic treatment of rheumatic fever?

d. 24 to 48 hours

When are the results of culture and sensitivity (C&S) tests from a particular specimen available?