Chapter 17: Anti-infective Drugs
d. Allergic hypersensitivity, direct toxicity, and indirect toxicity (superinfection)
Adverse reactions to anti-infectives can be divided into what major categories?
d. Gram-negative and gram-positive
Aminoglycosides, in combination with other antibiotics, are used to treat infections caused by what type of bacteria?
b. Severe fungal infections resulting from immunosuppressive therapy, AIDS, or severe illness such as meningitis
Amphotericin B is considered to be the drug of choice for treating what conditions?
d. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSRA), potentially life-threatening infections caused by organisms not treatable with less-toxic agents, gram-positive infections in clients who are allergic to penicillin clients and some endocarditis
Because of the increase in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), under what conditions should vancomycin be used as an anti-infective?
d. To treat asymptomatic infection and to treat active clinical tuberculosis or prevent relapse
For what purposes are antituberculosis agents administered?
d. Client age, status of renal and hepatic function, and pregnancy or lactation
In addition to the site of the infection, known allergies, and likelihood of organisms developing resistance, what other factors determine selection of an anti-infective drug for a client?
b. Amoebiasis and giardiasis, anaerobic bacterial infections, Crohn's disease, and in combination with other drugs, H. pylori
Metronidazole (Flagyl) is especially effective in the treatment of what systemic conditions?
a. Uncomplicated acute illness due to types A and B influenza
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are prescribed to treat what type of illness?
d. With infections that require therapy with a fluoroquinolone, such as Pseudomonas infections
Quinolones such as ciprofloxacin (Cipro) should be reserved for use under what circumstances?
c. Acute and complicated urinary tract infections, enteritis, and otitis media
Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim) are used to treat what health problems?
a. Rickettsia, chlamydia, and uncommon bacterial infections such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Tetracyclines are used in the treatment of what type of infections?
d. Anyone over 6 months
The CDC recommends the annual influenza vaccine for what ages?
c. Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and varicella zoster
The antiviral drug acyclovir is used to treat what infections?
a. Third generation
The health care practitioner needs to give an intramuscular injection to a client for treatment of a sexually transmitted infection. A cephalosporin, Rocephin, is ordered IM. The health care practitioner knows that cephalosporins prescribed for STDs belong to which generation?
b. Overuse, incomplete treatment of infection, or being discontinued before full effectiveness is achieved
Under what circumstances can organisms become resistant to medications?
a. Hypersensitivity, blood dyscrasias, renal toxicity, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
What are the MAJOR side effects of cephalosporins?
b. Achieve maximal and durable suppression of viral load, restore and/or preserve immunological function, improve quality of life, reduce HIV-related morbidity, prolong survival, and prevent vertical HIV transmission.
What are the goals of HIV therapy?
b. Macrolides
What classification of anti-infectives is considered to be among the LEAST toxic antibiotics?
d. Penicillin
What medication is used for the prophylactic treatment of rheumatic fever?
d. 24 to 48 hours
When are the results of culture and sensitivity (C&S) tests from a particular specimen available?