Chapter 17 Assignment 1
Which of the following is a function of prostaglandins?
They function as neuromodulators, altering the release or effects of neurotransmitters in the brain.
When cells cannot absorb glucose, they must get their energy someplace else, and, in turn, they metabolize fat and protein. In time, this leads to __________.
a condition called ketoacidosis, causing deep, gasping breathing
The second messenger cAMP is synthesized by the enzyme __________.
adenylyl cyclase
Individuals with Type 1 diabetes __________.
do not produce insulin
Arrange the following in the order they occur during glucocorticoid hormone action. 1. Binding of hormone to receptor 2. Release of HSP90 proteins 3. Entry of hormone into the nucleus
?
Which of the following statements about thyroid hormones is true?
?
Which adrenal cortical hormone helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume?
Aldosterone
Which pituitary hormone reduces urine volume and increases blood volume?
Antidiuretic hormone
Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin?
Beta cells
Which of the following is a function of ADH?
Decrease urine volume output and cause blood-vessel constriction
Which of the following defines hormone specificity?
Each receptor binds to only one hormone
What is the study of the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones called?
Endocrinology
Which glands secrete their product by way of a duct directly onto an epithelial surface?
Exocrine
Which hormone stimulates sperm production?
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates a(n) __________.
G protein
The binding of epinephrine to its receptor activates ________ which, in turn, activates ________.
G-protein; adenylyl cyclase
The body's reaction to stress is called what?
General adaptation syndrome
Peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. Therefore, they bind to receptors where?
On the cell surface
Which gland is thought to play a role in establishing 24-hour circadian rhythms?
Pineal gland
The role of insulin is to __________.
allow cells to take in glucose
Epinephrine binds to __________ of liver cells.
beta-adrenergic receptors on the cell membrane
The most conspicuous effects of GH-IGF-1 are on __________.
bone, cartilage, and muscle
Individuals with Type 2 diabetes __________.
do not respond to insulin
The endocrine system is comprised of __________ that secrete hormones.
glands, cells, and tissues
The body's stress response or general adaptation syndrome (GAS) typically involves elevated levels of __________.
glucocorticoids
The enzyme phosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of ___________ into ___________.
glycogen; glucose-6-phosphate
Dehydration is detected by osmoreceptors in the __________.
hypothalamus
After eating a meal, blood sugar levels __________.
increase
The treatment for Type 1 diabetes always includes __________.
insulin
Most hormones are taken up and degraded by the __________ and __________.
liver; kidney
The rate of hormone removal is called the __________, and the length of time required to clear 50% of the hormone from the blood is the __________.
metabolic clearance rate; half-life
In Type 2 diabetes, blood-sugar levels remain high after a meal because __________.
muscle does not respond to insulin by taking in glucose from the blood
Target organs regulate the pituitary through feedback loops. Most often, this is in the form of __________.
negative feedback inhibition
The hypothalamus controls the posterior pituitary by way of __________.
neuroendocrine reflexes
In Type 1 diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because __________.
no insulin is released
Hormones display __________ effects when one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second hormone that is secreted later.
permissive
The enzyme alpha-kinase adds __________ to proteins.
phosphates
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the __________.
posterior pituitary
Cyclooxygenase converts arachidonic acid to __________ and __________.
prostacyclin; thromboxanes
Steroid hormones bind to ____________ of the target cell.
protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
Similar to neurotransmitters, hormones exert their action only on cells that have specific __________ that the hormones bind to.
receptors
After a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, insulin is released and will cause blood sugar levels to __________.
return to about normal
Glucocorticoids are __________ hormones secreted by __________ glands.
steroid; endocrine
The mode of action of steroid hormones involves __________.
stimulation of transcription
The thyroid gland secretes large amounts of _________ and __________.
tetraiodothyronine; small amounts of triiodothyronine
Inadequate hormone release is called hyposecretion. It can result from __________.
tumors or lesions that destroy an endocrine gland, tumors or lesions that interfere with its ability to receive signals from another gland, and inadequate stimulation of the gland
What effect does thyroid hormone have on the body's metabolic rate?
It increases it.
Which of the following statements about thyroxine is true?
It is lipophilic
Aspirin and ibuprofen belong to which class of drugs?
Leukotrienes?
Which of the following is not a process that is stimulated by glucocorticoid hormones?
Maturation of ovarian follicles