Chapter 17 Learn Smart
Antagonist
Any agent, such as a hormone or drug, that opposes another is acting as an ___.
Calcium
Growth hormone enhances the absorption of what by the intestines?
Glucagon
The hormone secreted from alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood glucose is ____.
Erythropoietin
The hormone that is secreted by the kidneys and liver and which stimulates red blood cell production is ____.
Calcitonin
The hormone that stimulates osteoblasts activity, and thus prevents an increase in blood calcium levels is ___.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
The initial response to stress in an alarm reaction mediated mainly by which two hormones?
Calcitriol, erythropoietin
The kidney secretes which two hormones?
Less persistent
The nervous system is similar to the endocrine system that both work through chemical messengers to affect physiological responses. However, the nervous system has a ___ response.
Parathyroid
The ovoid glands partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid are the ___ glands.
Posterior to the stomach
The pancreas is located retroperitoneal and where?
Somatostatin
The pancreatic hormone that inhibits the secretion of stomach acid is ___.
Adenohypophysis
The pituitary gland is composed of two structures: the posterior lobe called the neurohypophysis and the anterior lobe called the ____.
Thyroid follicles
The thyroid gland is composed of sacs called ____ which are filled with a protein-rich colloid.
Fasciculata, reticularis
The two layers of the adrenal gland that secrete glucocorticoids and androgens are the zona ____ and the zona ____.
Isthmus
The two lobes of the thyroid gland are joined by a narrow bridge tissue called the ___.
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP
Third step of a second-messenger system
Paracines, neurotransmitters, gap junctions, hormones
Through which structures can cell-to-cell communication be accomplished?
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Thyroid hormone accelerates the breakdown of what?
Blood
To get from an endocrine gland to its target cell, a hormone must travel through what?
False (only unbound can)
True or False: Bound hormones can readily leave a blood capillary and get to a target cell.
False (in general the PGEs have the opposite action on target tissues as the PGFs)
True or False: In general the actions of the PGF family of prostaglandins complement the actions of the PGE family of prostaglandins
False
True or False: Organs can only have endocrine or exocrine functions, not both.
Synergists
Two or more hormones that act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate effects are said to be what?
In the nucleus
Where do steroid hormones bond with a cell's receptor?
Aldosterone
Which adrenal cortical hormone helps maintain blood pressure and blood volume?
Sex steroids
Which adrenal cortical hormones have various developmental and reproductive functions?
To protect hormones from enzyme breakdown, to protect hormones from filtering by kidneys
Which are functions of transport proteins?
Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamin
Which are monoamines?
Insulin, Follicle stimulating hormone, oxytocin
Which are peptide hormones?
Oxytocin, insulin, follicle stimulating hormone
Which are peptide hormones?
Thromboxanes
Which are produced by blood platelets and stimulate vasoconstriction and clotting?
Antidiuretic hormone
Which pituitary hormone reduces urine volume and increases blood volume?
Ovary, testes, adrenal cortex
Which secrete steroid hormones?
Testes, ovary, adrenal cortex
Which secretes steroid hormones?
Stage of exhaustion
Which stage of the GAS can lead rapidly to death?
Stage of exhaustion
Which stage of the stress response occurs after fat reserves have been depleted and the breakdown of protein begins?
diabetes mellitus
A conditioned defined as a disrupted of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from hyposecretion or inaction of insulin is ______
Leptin
Adipose tissue secretes the hormone ___ which has effects on the appetite center of the hypothalamus.
Androgens
After menopause, which hormones are converted to estrogen to make up for the nonfunctioning ovaries?
Cholecalciferol
After synthesis in the skin, ___ is converted in the liver and kidneys into the hormone.
Prostacyclin, prostaglandins, thromboxanes
Arachidonic is converted by cyclooxyrgenase to which three eicosanoids?
Gonadotropins
As a group, the pituitary hormones that stimulate the ovaries and testes are known as what?
Paracrine
Because histamine diffuse to and interacts with nearby tissues it is classified as a ____ signal.
Fasciculata
Cells called sponglocytes are found within the zona ____ of the adrenal cortex.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Corticotropes produce
Insulin
During and immediately following a carbohydrate rich meal, the beta cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone ____.
Intracellular changes
Endocrine secretions interact with their target cells and lad to which of the following?
Hormone receptor binding activates G-protein
First step of a second-messenger system
cAMP activates protein kinases
Fourth step of a second-messenger system
Follicle stimulating hormone
Gonadotropes produce
Childhood
Growth hormone (GH) is produced throughout your lifetime. During which period are its effects most evident?
DNA transcription
Growth hormone increases which process?
Somatomedins
Growth hormone stimulates the liver and other tissues to produce growth stimulants call insulin-like growth factors which are also called what?
Glucose
Growth hormone stimulates the synthesis of what by the liver?
Slower
Hormones bound to transport protein have a(n) ___ metabolic clearance rate than those free in the blood.
By carrier proteins
How are hydrophobic hormones transported through the body?
Both use chemical messengers for communication
How are the endocrine and the nervous system alike?
Dwarfism, gigantism
Hyposecretion of growth hormone in childhood results in ___. Hypersecretion grow growth hormone before adolescence results in ___.
Pituitary
Hypothalamic inhibiting hormones inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior ____ gland.
Stage of resistance
If a stressful is not resolved before glycogen is gone, the body enters which phase of GAS during which the priority is to provide alternate fuels for metabolism?
Androgens
In both sexes, the group of adrenal cortical hormones called ____ induce the growth of pubic and axillary hair and their associated apocrine scent glands at puberty and stimulate the libido (sex drive) throughout adolescent and adult life.
Oxytocin
In childbirth, which hormone stimulates labor contractions?
Progesterone
In the ovary, the corpus luteum produces which hormone?
Signal amplification
One hormone molecule can stimulate the synthesis of hundreds of enzyme molecules. What is this known as?
1. Alarm reaction 2. Stage of resistance 3. Stage of exhaustion
Order of general adaption syndrome
Calcium
PTH is secreted in response to low levels of the mineral ___.
Saturation
Receptor molecules have hit ___ when they are all occupied by hormone molecules.
G protein activates adenylate cyclase
Second step of a second-messenger system
Endocrine
Secretions from which glands alter the metabolism of their target cells?
Receptors
Similar to neurotransmitters, hormones exert their action only on cells that have specific ___ that the hormone bind to.
Growth hormone
Somatotropes produce
Gene
Steroid hormones enter the target cell nucleus and act directly on the ____, changing target cell physiology by either activating or inhibiting transcription.
Down-regulation
Target cells can become less sensitive to a hormone by decreasing the number of receptors via which process?
hyperglycemia
The condition of elevated blood glucose is called
Pineal
The gland that is attached to the roof fo the third ventricle of the brain, beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum, is the ____ gland.
Follicle
The hormone called ______ stimulating hormone stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of the ovarian follicles.
Serotonin
The hormone melatonin is produced from which NTM?
Thyroid
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone is ____ stimulating hormone.
Luteinizing
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone is ___ hormone.
Negative
The pituitary stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete its hormone. Then, this second hormone signals the pituitary to inhibit further secretion of the initial pituitary hormone. This is an example of what type of inhibition?
Electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, ketoacidosis
The rapid metabolism of fats that occurs in diabetes mellitus promoted an osmotic diuresis that, in turn, can result in?
Adrenal cortex
The target for the ACTH is the _____ _____.
Glycaemia
The term that refers to blood glucose concentration is ___.
Parafollicular
The thyroid gland contains areas of C (clear) cells, also called ___ cells, between the follicles.
Testosterone
Weak adrenal cortical androgens which possessed little biological activity are converted to the much more potent androgen called ____.
Adipose, liver, skeletal muscle
What are target cells of insulin?
Edema, weight gain and sluggish metabolism
What are the common symptoms of myxedema?
To develop the male reproductive system, to develop the male physique, to fuel the sex drive
What are the functions of testosterone?
To regulate the menstrual cycle, to contribute to the development of the reproductive system, to promote adolescent bone growth
What are the roles of estrogen and progesterone?
Feedback from target organs, control by brain centers other than hypothalamus, hypothalamus control
What are the three mechanisms used to regulate the timing and amount of pituitary secretion?
Antagonist, permissive, synergic
What are the three types of interactive effects hormones can have?
ADH, oxytocin
What are the two hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland?
Sedentary lifestyle, Obesity
What are the two main risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus?
It increases it
What effect does the thyroid hormone have on the body's metabolic rate?
Enlargement of the thyroid gland
What is a goiter?
A hormone that lowers blood glucose
What is a hypoglycemic hormone?
Thickening of the bones and soft tissues
What is acromegaly characterized by?
hypersecertion
What is an excessive hormone release called?
To increase blood glucose levels
What is the function of a hyperglycemic hormone?
To stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
To stimulate mitosis and cell differentiation
What is the function of growth hormone?
Thyroid gland
What is the largest adrenal gland?
Diabetes mellitus
What is the most prevalent metabolic disease in the world?
Stress
What is the situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical and emotional well-being?
Stimulate vasoconstriction and clotting
What to thromboxanes do?
Permissive
When one hormone enhances a target organ's response to a second hormone this is called what?
Exocrine
When they secrete eggs and sperm, the gonads are considered what type of gland?
Endocrine
When they secrete hormones, the ovaries and testes are considered what type of glands?
Hypothalamus
Where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone synthesized?
Retroperitoneal in pelvic cavity
Where are the ovaries located?
Embedded in the thyroid gland
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Hypothalamus
Which brain area closely regulates pituitary function?
Epinephrine
Which catecholamine is said to have a glucose-sparing effect?
Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Which catecholamines are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Which condition is characterized by insulin resistance?
Diabetes mellitus
Which condition often presents with polydipsia, polyuria, polyphasic, and hyperglycemia?
Hypoparathyroidism
Which condition os characterized by a rapid decline in blood calcium levels that can lead to a fatal tetany?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Which condition requires insulin injections or insulin infusions to maintain blood glucose?
Cushing syndrome
Which condition sometimes results in development of a "buffalo hump" and "moon face"?
Each receptor binds to only one hormone
Which defines hormone specificity?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Which endocrine condition can often be managed through a weight-loss program (diet and exercise) supplemented with medication?
Pancreas
Which endocrine gland also acts as an exocrine gland?
Thymus
Which endocrine gland secretes several hormones that stimulate organs and T cell activity?
Thymus
Which endocrine gland serves as the site of T lymphocyte maturation?
Pineal gland
Which gland is thought to play a role in establishing 24-hour circadian rhythms?
Thymus
Which gland is unique in that it is large in the fetus and infant, but it small and remnant in the elderly?
Exocrine
Which glands secrete their products by a duct directly onto an epithelial surface?
Testosterone
Which hormone directly stimulates development of the male reproductive system, secondary sexual characteristics, and sustains sperm production and the sex drive throughout adult life?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which hormone increases water retention by the kidneys, reduces urine volume, and helps prevent dehydration?
Cortisol
Which hormone is a potent glucocorticoid that is secreted in response to ACTH to help the body adapt to stress?
Cortisol
Which hormone promotes the breakdown of fat and protein into glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids, thus sparing glucose for the brain?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Which hormone stimulates the release of glucocorticoids?
Cortisol and testosterone
Which hormones are classified as steroid hormones?
Hepcidin, insulin-like growth factor, erthyropoietin, calcidiol, angiotensinogen
Which hormones are produced by the liver?
The nervous system is more targeted in its response
Which is one difference between the endocrine and the nervous system?
Endocrinology
Which is the study of the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones called?
GH has widespread effects in many areas of the body
Which is true of growth hormone?
Melatonin
Which monoamine is synthesized tryptophan?
Insulin and glucagon
Which pair of hormones act antagonistically to one another?
Adrenal medulla
Which structure acts as both an endocrine gland and as a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenal cortex
Which structure is yellow in color due to its high lipid content and produces steroid hormones from cholesterol?
Somatostatin, insulin, glucagon
Which substances are secreted by pancreatic islet cells?
Adrenal Cortex
Which term refers to the thick outer layer of the adrenal gland?
Liver and kidneys
Which two organs take up and degrade hormones?
Glycosuria, Kentonuria
Which would you expect to see in a urinalysis of an untreated diabetic?
Hormones are released into interstitial fluids while neurotransmitters are releases into the synaptic cleft
While both the endocrine and nervous system are involved with communication, they differ in their mechanisms. What is one difference between hormones of the endocrine system and neurotransmitters of the nervous system?
Adrenogenital
___ syndrome, the hyper secretion of adrenal androgens, commonly accompanies Cushing syndrome.
Steroid
____ hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and differ mainly in the functional groups attached to the four-ringed backbone.
Congenital
____ hypothyroidism is due to thyroid hypo secretion from birth.
cortisol
immunity it depressed by long-term exposure to the stress hormone ____
General adaption syndrome
the body's reaction to stress is called what?
Glucagon
Pancreatic alpha cells secrete the hormone ____ when serum glucose levels drop.
Insulin
Pancreatic beta cells secrete ____ during and immediately following a meal.
Calcitonin
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete ____ in response to rising blood calcium.
On the cell surface
Peptides and catecholamines are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate a target cell. They therefore bind to receptors where?
Calorigenic
Increased heat production is called a ____ effect.
Prolactin
Lactotrpes produce
paracrine
Local hormone substances called ___ messengers do not travel to their target cells by way of the blood, but diffuse from their source to nearby cells in the same tissue.
Interstitial endocrine
Located between the seminiferous tubules of the testis are clusters of ___ cells that secrete testosterone.
Pituitary
Many of the functions of the hypothalamus are carried out by the way of the ____ gland, which is closely associated with it both anatomically and physiologically.
Glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoids are produced in the zona ____ of the adrenal cortex.
