microbio

Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms?

60%

These antibiotics are amino sugars linked to 6-carbon rings.

Aminoglycosides

________chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.

Antimicrobial

Polymyxins are derived from a species of which of the following?

Bacillus

Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug?

Broad spectrum

Which of the following is the consequence of exposure of a bacterium to an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis?

Cell lysis

Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments?

Cell wall

Cell wall inhibitors like penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with enzymes responsible for which of the following?

Cell wall construction

Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins are useful in treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria?

Cloxacillin Nafcillin

____is another name for polymyxin E.

Colistin

Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site?

Competitive

Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following?

Converts RNA to DNA

Which of the following are side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs?

Damage to host tissues due to toxicity Allergic reactions Disruption of normal microflora

What is a major side effect of tetracyclines?

Deposition in hard tissues

The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following?

Drug resistance

Amphotericin B is considered highly versatile in that it is effective in treating most infections caused by which of the following?

Fungi

Advantages of semisynthetic penicillins over natural penicillins include which of the following?

Increased spectrum Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls

Which of the following is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer?

Interferon

analogs are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme.

Metabolic

Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity?

Narrow

Which of the following are quinolones?

Norfloxacin Ciprofloxacin

What type of molecule is acyclovir?

Nucleotide analog

Aztreonam is often used by patients who are allergic to which antibiotic?

Penicillin

Which of the following is an example of drug that blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis and exhibits excellent selective toxicity?

Penicillin

Which of the following is a natural fermentation product of Penicillin chrysogenum?

Penicillin G

serves as the parent compound for all "-cillin" drugs..

Penicillin; G

Which of the following enzymes secreted by certain bacteria cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillins and provides for resistance against the antibiotic?

Penicillinase; Beta-lactamase

Which of the following antibiotics contain the beta-lactam ring?

Penicillins;Cephalosporins

The cell walls of most bacteria are composed primarily of which of the following?

Peptidoglycan

Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs.

Preventing virus maturation Blocking virus transcription and translation Barring virus penetration into host cell

Tetracyclines inhibit which of the following?

Protein synthesis

Which is the mechanism used by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pumps to expel antimicrobial drugs and other toxic substances from a bacterial cell?

Proton-motive force similar to ATP synthesis

The ending -floxacin is used for which category of drugs?

Quinolones

penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.

Semisynthetic

Synercid is effective against members of which genera?

Staphylococcus Streptococcus Enterococcus

Which of the following genera produce aminoglycosides?

Streptomyces Micromonospora

Aztreonam is used to control which of the following conditions?

Urinary tract infections Pneumonia Septicemia

Which of the following are nucleotide analogs that blocks DNA replication in some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex viruses (HHV)?

Valcyclovir Acyclovir Famciclovir Penicyclovir

Which of the following antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Vancomycin Ampicillin Cycloserine

Which anti-influenza medication blocks the initiation of viral RNA synthesis?

Xofluza

Which are antiviral drugs used to treat influenza?

Xofluza Relenza Tamiflu

Which bacteria are the most susceptible to antibiotics that target the cell wall?

Young, growing

Which "formation" is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids?

biofilm

An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a(n) spectrum antibiotic.

broad

One mechanism by which microbes can become resistant to a drug is to produce a(n) that alters the structure of the drug.

enzyme

Microbes can inactivate drugs by producing which of the following that change the structure of the drug to a nontoxic form?

enzymes

True or false: Drug resistance only arises from an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism.

false

True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.

false

True or false: The most effective drugs that treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms eradicate the adult stages of the organisms.

false

Interferon is produced primarily by and in response to various immune stimuli.

fibroblasts; leukocytes

What is the mechanism of action of Tamiflu?

it enhances interferon synthesis

The goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy is to ______ the infective agent without harming the _________.

kill; host

Polymyxins are a class of antibiotics that target the bacterial cell

membrane

The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit growthBlank 1Blank 1 growth , Incorrect Unavailable at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.

metabolism

Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous fBlank 1Blank 1 f , Incorrect Unavailable or gene transfer from another species.

mutations

An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) ______spectrum antibiotic.

narrow

Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?

natural seleciton

The outer membrane of some Gram-

negative

If the bacterium causing a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, a physician can normally prescribe the antibiotic, .

penicillin

Daptomycin is a lipopeptide directed mainly against Gram- bacteria.

positive

Many bacteria possess multidrug-resistant (MDR) that actively transport drugs and other chemicals out of cells.

pumps

Any RNA virus that can convert its own RNA into double-stranded DNA is called a(n)

retrovirus

Any RNA virus that can convert its own RNA into double-stranded DNA is called a(n).

retrovirus

What type of RNA virus can use its RNA as a template to produce DNA?

retrovirus

A viral enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA is called .

reverse transcriptase

The tetracyclines bind to which of the following structures?

ribosome

The property of an antimicrobial agent to be highly toxic against its target microbe while being far less toxic to the cells of the host organism is called toxicity.

selective

Amphotericin B is one of the few drugs that can be injected to treat fungal infections such as cryptococcus meningitis.

systemic

The staining of teeth is one side effect of the antibiotic group known as the

tetracyclines

Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of .

translation

True or false: Antiviral drugs prevent penetration into a host cell, block transcription and translation, and prevent maturation of viral particles.

true