Chapter 18

What occurs as sprawl increases in, or adjacent to, a city?

the need for cars increases

graph Describe the relationship between carbon emissions and urban density as shown on the graph.

As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions decrease.

graph Which city on the graph has both low to medium density (between 10 and 30 persons per hectare) and low carbon emissions?

Copenhagen

Which of the following types of transportation consumes the most energy (in BTU per passenger mile)?

automobiles

case study What is an urban growth boundary (UGB)?

It is a line on a map separating regions open to urban development from rural areas.

It costs less to operate an automobile in a small city than in a large city because ________.

people generally drive fewer miles to and from work in a small city than in a large city

article The price of electricity generated from wind has followed the same pattern in the United States as in Denmark. Which of the following has happened?

prices have been dropping

video One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume __________.

foods that are grown locally

video The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____.

recycled all paper used in its program and at football games

article If the island of Monhegan decides to pursue renewable energy as Samso did, which of the following will be used to generate electricity?

wind and solar

graph How many megawatt hours (MWh) per year of savings did the students identify for computers at the Penn State Mueller Laboratory Building?

30

graph You work for the city planning agency in Houston and successfully pass ordinances designed to double population density. Based on the graph, predict the approximate change in carbon emissions.

50%

graph Estimate the total energy use at the lab building and the total estimated savings. Approximately what percentage of the total electrical energy use do these savings represent?

62%

-graph Compare the population densities of the most and least dense cities on the graph. What is the population ratio of the most- to least-dense cities?

7:1

In the study of urban ecology in Baltimore and Phoenix, how do the two cities differ in their citizens' exposure to toxic chemicals?

In Phoenix, ethnic minorities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards, whereas in Baltimore, those living in working-class white neighborhoods are more likely to be exposed.

vid Which of the following ideas was suggested by speakers in the video?

Future cities should repurpose compacted metal as building blocks for buildings.

article In order to best emulate Samso, a community would need which of the following?

Land to grow biomass.

vid Which of the following best summarizes the future plans for cities?

Make cities self-sufficient.

What is true about the importance of location for cities that were founded over 100 years ago versus the cities that are rapidly growing today?

Older cities were founded along waterways or rail hubs so that goods could be easily transported.

case study What is specifically restricted outside of urban growth boundaries (UGBs) as mentioned in the video concerning the UGS put into place in 2007?

The 2007 UGB restricts development that is on a large scale or that impacts sensitive natural areas outside its boundaries.

video How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming?

The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees.

video LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________.

conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality

video The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________.

conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation

video The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.

decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere

Which of the following is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation?

designate lanes as carpool-only

What is the major factor driving the move to the suburbs from cities?

desire to live in less crowded, more peaceful conditions

From where does the food that most city-dwellers consume originate?

farms surrounding the suburbs and from long distances away from the city

video Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____.

fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium

Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are mostly ________.

in developing nations, such as Delhi, India

case study How can urbanization threaten communities and landscapes?

increased traffic jams

Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________.

increased use of fossil fuels

The operating costs for transportation ________.

indicate that, when all operating costs are included, rail is the most sensible means of transport

Which of the following was most influential in shifting the population of developed countries from the farms to the cities?

industrialization

graph You are a member of a student committee at your college that is evaluating building energy use and potential savings. If your committee finds that your college's potential savings would be similar to those shown for Penn State, action in which area or combination of areas would result in approximately 5% energy savings?

lighting

Oregon's strong policy of enforcing UGB's (urban growth boundaries) to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004 and 2007, voters ________.

passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's

An urban growth boundary (UGB) is intended to ________.

provide guidelines for city development to separate areas desired to be urban from areas desired to be rural

Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels, and television all have allowed people to ________.

remain connected while living in less centralized locations

Members of several local environmental groups propose that nearly all of the buildings be removed and the area turned into a regional hiking, fishing, and camping area, with very limited vehicle access. This will preserve the natural areas while providing recreation for the city dwellers. The most likely issue raised by opponents is whether ________.

revenue generated from users will pay for the changes and the maintenance of such a facility

In developing nations, such as India and Nigeria, ________.

rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers

What are smaller communities that surround cities called?

suburbs

A city undergoing gentrification is experiencing ________.

the loss of working-class people from traditional neighborhoods as housing prices become too expensive

video What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University?

the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots

Which of the following is a problem that occurs within cities because of the concentrated use of energy in buildings and vehicles and the large amount of dark surfaces that absorb solar energy?

the urban heat island effect

vid One of the speakers in the video made an analogy between a city and a very large tree. In this analogy, the root system of the tree was compared to __________.

the way soils, air, and water are needed to sustain people in the city

As an ecological resource manager, your preliminary environmental studies should include inquiry into whether ________.

the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish which are supporting many local industries

L'Enfant's 1791 Plan of the U.S. capital represented the first ________.

thorough city planning program

article You are an environmental engineer focused on the most difficult type of energy consumption to convert to renewable. What are you working on?

transportation

What field of study applies the characteristics of the natural world to urban settings?

urban ecology

People who seek to improve resource sustainability of our cities urge us to ________.

use renewable energy sources and recycle materials

Which of the following would be characteristic of sprawl?

widely spaced homes spread evenly across a vast tract of land

video How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program?

The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.

What is sprawl?

The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center.

Curitiba, Brazil, has shown us that ________.

a walkable city center and expanded bus system can solve a large city's traffic congestion

Of the following, the benefits of green buildings include ________.

all of these are benefits of green buildings

video The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used __________.

as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Which of the following consume the bulk of the electricity used in the United States?

buildings

What are green buildings?

buildings constructed out of sustainable materials, which limit the use of energy and water, minimize health impacts, control pollution, and recycle waste

How does an urban growth boundary attempt to limit sprawl?

by limiting future growth into already urbanized areas

Which of the following is true regarding zoning laws?

They can encourage sprawl.

What practice classifies areas for different types of land use?

zoning

graph According to the projected data, after what year will the majority of people in less developed regions be living in urban areas?

2018

graph Which of the following statements are supported by the graph? Select all that apply.

-In 2050, rural populations in less developed regions are projected to drop below 3 billion. -Rural populations are projected to drop in both more developed and less developed regions. -In 1950, urban populations in more developed regions and less developed regions were almost equal. -In 2050, urban populations in less developed regions are projected to reach 5 billion.

graph How many MWh per year of savings are possible for HVAC?

1500

graph The student report estimated $45,500 in electricity savings. What was the approximate cost of electricity in cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) used to calculate this savings?

2.7 cents

How does the existence of densely-packed cities help preserve wilderness and rural areas?

Because people pack densely together in cities, more land outside cities is left undeveloped.

Pat and Terry are considering moving from near the center of a large city into the suburbs. Which of the following discussion points is valid?

It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs.

graph Calculate the average population density of the cities on the graph. Does the city that has average population density also have average carbon emissions?

No, carbon emissions are actually lower than average in the city with average density.

vid How do the speakers in the video hope to treat waste generated by cities of the future?

They plan to rely more on recycling and upcycling.

article Another Dutch island wishes to achieve green energy independence by 2025. What is their goal?

To generate more energy from renewables than it consumes overall.