Chapter 18 & 19 Lymphatic/Immune and Resp. Systems
average resp. rate in a normal adult
12-18
dead space have a volume of approx.
150 mL
the left lung consists of how many tubes
2
trachea contains ____ tracheal cartilages
20
the right lung consists of how many tubes
3
lungs contain how many alveoli
300 million
primary bronchi are found at the ____ level of the thoracic vertebraw
3rd
trachea is a cylindrical tube with a length of about
4 inches
The total lung capacity in adults is approximately
6 liters
normal air pressure is equal to how many millimeters of mercury?
760
antibodies are released by
B-cells
T/F Functional units of a lymph node are the lymph nodules (follicles).
TRUE
T/F Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes and macrophages that fight invading microorganisms.
TRUE
a pathogen can be a virus, bacterium, fungus, or protozoan
TRUE
Physical barrier
basement membranes, epithelium, hair
most of the co2 in the blood is carried by
bicarbonate ions
prolonged breath holding causes abnormally low
blood oxygen levels.
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
bound to hemoglobin
Lymphocytes are located in each of the following tissues or organs, EXCEPT
brain
Microscopic vessels extending into interstitial spaces in complex networks are called lymphatic
capillaries
function of the nasal conchae?
create turbulence in the air to trap small particulates in mucus
Tonsils have blind-ended structures celled
crypts
Air exchange across the respiratory membrane occur by the ______ process.
diffusion
the elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottic cartilage
the pleura allow the lunch to inflate and deflate without
friction
the most critical cell in the immunity is the
helper T cell
the depth of breathing is regulated by the _____ reflex
inflation
Body defenses can be divided into two general categories:
innate/adaptive defenses
inhalation is also known as ______
inspiration
special lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine that take up lipids are called
lacteals
the vocal folds are located in the
larynx
bronchi have ___ cartilage than the trachea, and bronchioles have ___ cartilage.
less, no
surfactant is formed by a mixture of
lipids and proteins
white pulp of the spleen is composed primarily of
lymphocytes
the red pulp of the spleen contains numerous
macrophages
primary function of the lymphatic system
maintain and distribution of lymphocytes
chemosensitive area of the respiratory system is located in the
medulla oblongata
pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs
Goblet cells in the bronchioles secrete
mucus
innate or _____ defense is one that protects the body from pathogens involving mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, inflammation, fever, or phagocytosis
nonspecific
mechanical barriers are also known as _____ barriers
physical
the lymphocytes
produce proteins called antibodies
The larynx is responsible for
sound production
instrument for measuring the air taken into and out of the lungs is called a
spirometer
The largest lymphatic organ, filled with blood instead of lymph is called the
spleen
A substance that prevents the alveoli from collapsing is termed
surfactant
the constant monitoring recognizing and destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissue is called immunological
surveillance
air moves into the lungs because
the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure
thoracic duct drains lymph from
the left arm and shoulder body regions above the diaphragm L. side of the head and neck L side of the thorax
glottis is
the passage from the pharynx to the larynx
the lungs are located in the
thoracic cavity
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the
thoracic duct
The colume of air that enters or leaves during a single respiration cycle is called
tidal volume
the large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx are called
tonsils
the airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the
trachea
functions of the lymphatic system EXCEPT
transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
the lower vocal folds are called
true vocal cords
the right bronchus is wider, shorter, and more ____ that the left.
vertical
layer of serous membrane attached to each lung surface is called
visceral pleura
In RBCs, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds the reaction of carbon dioxide and _____.
water
cell responsible for humoral immunity?
B cells
T/F the thymus is relatively small in infancy and early childhood
False; LARGE
HIV that causes AIDS selectively infects which of the following cells?
Helper T cells
cell help to regulate the immune response
Helper T cells
Immunoglobulins are found in the breast milk
IgA
Immunoglobulin involved in allergic reactions?
IgE
Immunoglobulins are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection?
IgM
immunoglobulin that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to an infection?
IgM
immunoglobulins is the largest and heaviest
IgM
thymosin is secreted by the ____ gland
Thymus
T/F The functional units of the lymph node are the lymph nodules (folicles)
True
cytotoxic T cells continually recognize and eliminate ______ cells and virally infected cells.
Tumor
when the body is deliberately exposed to an antigen, this is referred to as
active artificial immunity
when the body is deliberately exposed to an antigen, this is referred to as
active artificial immunity (AAI)
immunity that results from the natural exposure to an antigen in the environment is called
active natural
Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called
allergens
immunoglobulin E attaches to mast cells and basophils, and is involved in
allergic reactions
Lack of surfactant cells in the lungs of newborn infants will result in
alveolar collapse
the actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
alveoli
___ ____ is the most important chemical regulator of respiration
CO2
NOT an example of the physical barrier?
Complement
the ability of certain phagocytes to move through wall of a capillary is called:
Diapedesis
T/F T cells are precursors of B cells
FALSE
T/F The primary function of the lymphatic system is the production and distribution of interferons.
FALSE
T/F Thymus is relatively SMALL in infancy and early childhood.
FALSE
T/F additional air that enters the lungs due to forced inspiration is called hyperventilation
FALSE
T/F the combination of o2 that dissolves in blood and the iron atoms of hemoglobin is called carbaminohemoglobin.
FALSE
Lymph capillaries are found in bone marrow and teeth
FALSE, they are not!
Elevation of body temp reduces ______ in the blood, which inhibits bacterial and fungal reproduction.
Iron
Small organs that are found along lymphatic vessels are
Lymph nodes
immunological surveillance involves which of the following cells
NK cells
palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the:
Oropharynx
the common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive system?
Pharynx
which cell produce antibodies
Plasma Cells
the red pulp of the spleen contain numerous numbers of
RBC