Chapter 18 & 19 Lymphatic/Immune and Resp. Systems

average resp. rate in a normal adult

12-18

dead space have a volume of approx.

150 mL

the left lung consists of how many tubes

2

trachea contains ____ tracheal cartilages

20

the right lung consists of how many tubes

3

lungs contain how many alveoli

300 million

primary bronchi are found at the ____ level of the thoracic vertebraw

3rd

trachea is a cylindrical tube with a length of about

4 inches

The total lung capacity in adults is approximately

6 liters

normal air pressure is equal to how many millimeters of mercury?

760

antibodies are released by

B-cells

T/F Functional units of a lymph node are the lymph nodules (follicles).

TRUE

T/F Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes and macrophages that fight invading microorganisms.

TRUE

a pathogen can be a virus, bacterium, fungus, or protozoan

TRUE

Physical barrier

basement membranes, epithelium, hair

most of the co2 in the blood is carried by

bicarbonate ions

prolonged breath holding causes abnormally low

blood oxygen levels.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin

Lymphocytes are located in each of the following tissues or organs, EXCEPT

brain

Microscopic vessels extending into interstitial spaces in complex networks are called lymphatic

capillaries

function of the nasal conchae?

create turbulence in the air to trap small particulates in mucus

Tonsils have blind-ended structures celled

crypts

Air exchange across the respiratory membrane occur by the ______ process.

diffusion

the elastic cartilage that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottic cartilage

the pleura allow the lunch to inflate and deflate without

friction

the most critical cell in the immunity is the

helper T cell

the depth of breathing is regulated by the _____ reflex

inflation

Body defenses can be divided into two general categories:

innate/adaptive defenses

inhalation is also known as ______

inspiration

special lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine that take up lipids are called

lacteals

the vocal folds are located in the

larynx

bronchi have ___ cartilage than the trachea, and bronchioles have ___ cartilage.

less, no

surfactant is formed by a mixture of

lipids and proteins

white pulp of the spleen is composed primarily of

lymphocytes

the red pulp of the spleen contains numerous

macrophages

primary function of the lymphatic system

maintain and distribution of lymphocytes

chemosensitive area of the respiratory system is located in the

medulla oblongata

pulmonary ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Goblet cells in the bronchioles secrete

mucus

innate or _____ defense is one that protects the body from pathogens involving mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, inflammation, fever, or phagocytosis

nonspecific

mechanical barriers are also known as _____ barriers

physical

the lymphocytes

produce proteins called antibodies

The larynx is responsible for

sound production

instrument for measuring the air taken into and out of the lungs is called a

spirometer

The largest lymphatic organ, filled with blood instead of lymph is called the

spleen

A substance that prevents the alveoli from collapsing is termed

surfactant

the constant monitoring recognizing and destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissue is called immunological

surveillance

air moves into the lungs because

the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure

thoracic duct drains lymph from

the left arm and shoulder body regions above the diaphragm L. side of the head and neck L side of the thorax

glottis is

the passage from the pharynx to the larynx

the lungs are located in the

thoracic cavity

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct

The colume of air that enters or leaves during a single respiration cycle is called

tidal volume

the large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx are called

tonsils

the airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the

trachea

functions of the lymphatic system EXCEPT

transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

the lower vocal folds are called

true vocal cords

the right bronchus is wider, shorter, and more ____ that the left.

vertical

layer of serous membrane attached to each lung surface is called

visceral pleura

In RBCs, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds the reaction of carbon dioxide and _____.

water

cell responsible for humoral immunity?

B cells

T/F the thymus is relatively small in infancy and early childhood

False; LARGE

HIV that causes AIDS selectively infects which of the following cells?

Helper T cells

cell help to regulate the immune response

Helper T cells

Immunoglobulins are found in the breast milk

IgA

Immunoglobulin involved in allergic reactions?

IgE

Immunoglobulins are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection?

IgM

immunoglobulin that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to an infection?

IgM

immunoglobulins is the largest and heaviest

IgM

thymosin is secreted by the ____ gland

Thymus

T/F The functional units of the lymph node are the lymph nodules (folicles)

True

cytotoxic T cells continually recognize and eliminate ______ cells and virally infected cells.

Tumor

when the body is deliberately exposed to an antigen, this is referred to as

active artificial immunity

when the body is deliberately exposed to an antigen, this is referred to as

active artificial immunity (AAI)

immunity that results from the natural exposure to an antigen in the environment is called

active natural

Antigens that trigger allergic reactions are called

allergens

immunoglobulin E attaches to mast cells and basophils, and is involved in

allergic reactions

Lack of surfactant cells in the lungs of newborn infants will result in

alveolar collapse

the actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

alveoli

___ ____ is the most important chemical regulator of respiration

CO2

NOT an example of the physical barrier?

Complement

the ability of certain phagocytes to move through wall of a capillary is called:

Diapedesis

T/F T cells are precursors of B cells

FALSE

T/F The primary function of the lymphatic system is the production and distribution of interferons.

FALSE

T/F Thymus is relatively SMALL in infancy and early childhood.

FALSE

T/F additional air that enters the lungs due to forced inspiration is called hyperventilation

FALSE

T/F the combination of o2 that dissolves in blood and the iron atoms of hemoglobin is called carbaminohemoglobin.

FALSE

Lymph capillaries are found in bone marrow and teeth

FALSE, they are not!

Elevation of body temp reduces ______ in the blood, which inhibits bacterial and fungal reproduction.

Iron

Small organs that are found along lymphatic vessels are

Lymph nodes

immunological surveillance involves which of the following cells

NK cells

palatine tonsils lie in the walls of the:

Oropharynx

the common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive system?

Pharynx

which cell produce antibodies

Plasma Cells

the red pulp of the spleen contain numerous numbers of

RBC