Chapter 18 Origins of the Cold War

Blacklist

A list of people they condemned for having a communist background.

Open Skies Policy

A policy proposed by Eisenhower saying that each country could fly over the other to inspect the nuclear weapons; Russia refuses and turns down the policy.

Truman Doctrine

A statement that declared "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure."

United Nations (UN)

April 25, 1945 representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco to establish new peace keeping body.

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

CIA

Central Intelligence agency. As the nation shifted to a dependence on nuclear arms, the Eisenhower administration rely heavily on it for information.

Mao Zedong

Chinese Communist leader from 1949 to 1976.

Satellite Nations

Countries dominated by the Soviet Union

Sputnik (1957)

First satellite put into orbit by the USSR. This caused fear in the US that the Soviets had passed them by in science & technology and the arms race.

Chiang Kai-shek

Nationalist Chinese leader

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated communist influence in the movie industry.

What was the result of the Marshall Plan success in Western Europe?

The US gave over $12 billion in economic assistance to help rebuild Western Europe.

U-2 Incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

Nikita Khrushchev

believed that communism would take over the world but he thought itd triumph peacefully. Favored a policy of peaceful coexistence in which two powers would compete economically and scientifically.

How did the Loyalty Review Board pose a threat to civil liberties?

individuals under investigation were not allowed to see the evidence against them.

Loyalty Review Board

investigated 3 million federal employees in fear of communism

Berlin Aircraft

operation that moved food and supplies into West Berlin by American and British planes during a Soviet blockade in 1948-1949

What was the Hollywood Ten accused of?

1. Disloyalty being communists 2. exposing moviegoers to Communist propaganda

Why was Hollywood a target of anti-Communist investigations by Congress?

1. House un-American Activities Committee 2. HUAC believed that Hollywood films was sneaking propaganda into films 3. Its members pointed to pro-soviet films made during the war

How was the Hollywood Ten affected by the accusation?

1. Imprisoned and blacklisted 2. their careers and reputations were destroyed

What seems to have motivated McCarthyism?

1. McCarthys desire to be reelected 2. The republicans desire to win the presidential elections 3. Growing fears of communism and suspicion of foreign influences in the United States

What were Ethel and Julius Rosenberg accused of?

1. They were accused of spying for the soviet union 2. Helping to pass information to the soviets about the atomic bomb

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Alger Hiss

Accused of spying for the Soviet Union by former communist Whittaker Churchill.

Douglas MacArthur

American General, launched counter attack with tanks, heavy artillery, and fresh troops.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

American communists who were executed after having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges were in relation to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. Theirs was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

Warsaw Pact

In 1955, West Germany was allowed rearm and join NATO, Soviet Union grew fearful. It formed its own military alliance (Warsaw Pact)

Taiwan

In May 1949, Chiang and the remnants of his demoralized government fled to the island of Taiwan, which Westerners called Formosa.

Why did McCarthyism fall out of favor?

In television hearings, McCarthy bullies witnesses, turning the public against him. There was no proof for his accusations.

Why did McCarthyism succeed at first?

McCarthy fed on the public's fears and gave them the impression that he was purging the nation of very dangerous, and seemingly very real, commie menace.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. April 4, 1949 Western European Nations joined with the US and Canada to form it, a defensive military alliance.

Korean War

On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces swept across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

President when both countries had the H-bomb

What did Stalin do to make Truman distrust him?

Stalin would not allow free elections in Eastern Europe

brinkmanship

The willingness of the United States, under President Eisenhower, to go to the edge of all-out war

Why did the cases of Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs heighten the anti-Communist mood of Americans?

They added to the impression that the US was being betrayed by communist spies

How were Ethel and Julius affected by the accusations?

They were convicted and executed

Marshall Plan

a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.

The Potsdam Conference

USSR, USA, UK decided how to administer Germany.

McCarthyism

Unsupported accusations. related to attacks on suspected communists.

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)

Warning in January 1957, saying the US would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country.

Stalemate

When neither side is strong enough to defeat the other. No progress in war.

"Iron Curtain"

speech to stand for the division of Europe

Containment

taking measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries

Hollywood Ten

ten witnesses from the film industry who refused to testify with the HUAC's investigation. They believed it was unconstitutional because of this they were sent to jail.

H-bomb

the hydrogen bomb - a thermonuclear weapon much more powerful than the Atomic bomb (1942)

Joseph McCarthy

the most famous anti-Communist activist