Chapter 19

Pope Pius VII

(1742-1823) Pope from 14 March, 1800 to 20 August, 1823. He made the concordat with Napoleon happen to give life to religion in France.

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821) In 1799, he joined a conspiracy that overthrew the Directory, becoming the supreme ruler of France. He declared himself emperor in 1804 and established an empire stretching from Spain to Poland. After defeats in Trafalgar in 1805 and in Russia in 1812, he was exiled to the island of Elba in 1814. He returned to power in 1815, but was defeated at Waterloo and exiled to the island of St. Helena.

Hegel

(1770-1831) German philosopher. In Science of Logic (1812-16) he described the three-stage process of dialectical reasoning, on which Marx based his theory of dialectical materialism.

Lord Byron

(1788) was an English poet and a leading figure in Romanticism.

Concordant with the Roman Catholic Church

-(1801) is a reflection of an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its

Sir Arthur Wellesly

17.) Sir Arthur Wellesley- was an Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman, and one of the leading military and political figures of the nineteenth century. 18.) Scorched earth policy- this was a tactic used in war by Russia. They burned the whole city before the enemy got there, then when they invaded they easily captured the city. Then the enemy would die off during the harsh Russian winter because they had no supplies in the burnt down city they were staying in.

Abbe Sieyes

A French Roman Catholic abbe and clergyman, one of the chief theorists of the French Revolution, French Consulate, and first French Empire. His liberal 1789 pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?" became the manifesto of the revolution that helped transform the Estate-General into the National Assembly in June of 1789.

European Coalition

An alliance of centre-right, regionalists or moderate nationalist parties in Spain for European elections.

Wordsworth

English poet. Much of his work was inspired by the Lake District. "Lyrical Ballads" (1798), which was composed with Coleridge and included "Tintern Abbey," was a landmark in romanticism. He was appointed poet laureate in 1843. Other notable poems: "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" (1815) and "The Prelude" (1850).

Klemens Von Metternich

German- Austrian politician and statesman and was one of the most important diplomats of his era. He was a major figure in the negotiations before and during the Congress of Vienna.

Alexander I of Russia

He served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland and Lithuania.

Thomas Carlyle- (1795-1881)

Scottish historian and political philosopher. He wrote History of the French Revolution (1837).

Quadruple Alliance

The Quadruple Alliance was a treaty signed in Paris on 20 November, 1815 by the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. It renewed the alliance first agreed to in 1813 and it modified the aims of the alliance from defeating Napoleon Bonaparte to upholding the settlement following the Napoleonic Wars: with France's admission in 1818, it became the Quintuple Alliance, though British government distaste for the other allies' reactionary policies meant that it lapsed into ineffectiveness after the mid-1820s.

European Settlement

The agreement European countries made with each other after the Napoleonic reign that urged to return Europe to its state before Napoleon and to not let one nation gain to much power but to have equality so less fights broke out.

Continental System

The foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. It was a large-scale embargo against British trade, inaugurated on 21 November 1806 and ending in 1814, after Napoleon's first abdication.

The Hundred Days

This marked the period between Napoleon Bonaparte's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815

Ottoman Empire

Turkish empire established by Osmon I in the 13th century. It was an empire that was on a great decline while Napoleon was dominating in France and didn't play a big part in his reign.

Treaty of Tilsit

Two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July, 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France, when they met on a raft in the middle of the Neman River. The second was signed with Prussia on 9 July. The treaties ended war between Imperial Russia and the French Empire and began an alliance between the two empires which rendered the rest of continental Europe almost powerless.

Waterloo

a battle fought on June 18, 1815, near the village of Waterloo(in what is now Belgium), in which Napoleon's army was defeated by the British (under the Duke of Wellington) and Prussians. The allied pursuit caused Napoleon's army to disintegrate entirely, ending his bid to return to power.

War of Liberation

a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and a number of German States finally defeated France and drove Napoleon Bonaparte into exile on Elba. After Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia, the continental powers joined Russia, Britain, and the rebels in Spain and Portugal. With their armies reorganized along more Napoleonic lines, they drove Napoleon out of Germany in 1813 and invaded France in 1814, forcing Napoleon to abdicate and restoring the Bourbons.

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Joseph Mallord William Turner

was an English Romantic landscape painter, water-colorist and print-maker. Turner was considered a controversial figure in his day, but is now regarded as the artist who elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivaling history painting.

Congress of Vienna

an international conference held 1814-15 to agree upon the settlement of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. The guiding principle of the settlement was the restoration and strengthening of hereditary and sometimes despotic rulers; the result was a political stability that lasted for three or four decades.

King Ludwig II of Bavaria

king of Bavaria from 1864 until shortly before his death. He is sometimes referred to as the Swan King in England.

Elba

small island off the west coast of Italy. This was the 1st place Napoleon was exiled to after his defeat at Waterloo.

Consulate

the government of France between the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in 1804. By extension, the term The Consulate also refers to this period of French History.

Organic Articles of 1802

the law administering public worship in France. The Articles were originally presented by Napoléon Bonaparte, and consisted of 77 Articles relating to Catholicism and 44 Articles relating to Protestantism. It was published as a unilateral addition to the Concordat of 1801, which is also sometimes referred to as the "French Concordat," on April 8, 1802.

Louisiana Purchase

the territory sold by France to the U.S. in 1803, comprising the western part of the Mississippi valley and including the modern state of Louisiana. The area had been explored by France, ceded to Spain in 1762, and returned to France in 1800.

Casper David Friedrich

was a 19th-century German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important of the movement. He is best known for his id-period allegorical landscaper which typically feature contemplative figures silhouetted against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or Gothic ruins. His primary interest as an artist was the contemplation of nature and his often symbolic and anti-classical work seeks to convey a subjective, emotional response to the natural world

Sir Walter Scott- (1832)

was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet, popular throughout Europe during his time. Scott was particularly associated with Toryism.

Treaty of Campo Formio

was signed on 17 October 1797 by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Ludwig von Cobenzl as representatives of France and Austria. It marked the collapse of the First Coalition, the victorious conclusion to Napoleon's campaigns in Italy and the end of the first phase of the Napoleonic Wars.

Second Coalition

was the second attempt by European powers led by Austria and Russia to contain or eliminate Revolutionary France. While Napoleon Bonaparte was leading an expedition to Egypt, a number of France's enemies formed a new alliance and attempted to roll back his previous conquests. Austria and Russia raised fresh armies for campaigns in Germany and Italy in 1799.