Chapter 19: Circulation and Short-Term Blood Pressure Regulation (A&P II)

Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood?

-Pulmonary Veins -Systemic Arteries

Arrange the layers of a blood vessel wall, from superficial to deep.

-tunica externa -tunica media -tunica intima

Match each of the following to its described impact on blood pressure.

1 Decreased HR B Decreased BP due to decreased CO .2 Increased SV A Increased BP due to increased CO. 3 Increased blood vessel diameter C Decreased BP due to decreased R.

Arrange the steps of the auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure into the appropriate order.

1 Wrap the sphygmomanometer around the arm¸ just superior to the elbow. 2 Inflate the cuff to apply a pressure that exceeds the systolic blood pressure to the brachial artery¸ cutting off blood flow. 3 Gradually reduce cuff pressure. 4 Listen for Korotkoff sounds in the brachial artery using a stethoscope held firmly in the antecubital region.

Sort these vessel types in the order of blood flow, starting with those that first carry blood away from the heart and finishing with those that eventually return blood to the heart.

1. Arteries 2. Arterioles 3. Capillaries 4. Venules 5. Veins

Match each capillary type to a location in which it is found.

1. Continuous: Skin 2. Fenestrated: Small Intestine 3. Sinusoid: Bone Marrow

Match each artery type to its description.

1. Elastic arteries: Closest to heart and have relatively larger lumens than other arteries. 2. Muscular Arteries: Thickest tunica media of any vessel type 3. Arterioles: Can be so small that their wall is only an endothelium and thin layer of smooth muscle fiber

Arrange the capillary types in order of most to least permeable.

1. Sinusoid 2. Fenestrated 3. Continuous

Match each layer of the blood vessel wall to a description of its tissue content.

1. Tunica intima: Simple Squamous Endothelium 2. Tunica Media: smooth muscle and elastic connective tissues 3. Tunica externa: collagenous connective tissue

Your systolic blood pressure is 140 mm Hg and your pulse pressure is 60 mm HG. What is your mean arterial pressure?

100

What is the mean arterial pressure (in mm Hg) in that same person discussed previously? Systolic blood pressure is 180 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure is 90 mm Hg.

120.0 mm Hg

systemic arteries total bv at rest

13%

Match each component of the cardiovascular center to the description of the outcome of its activation.

1Vasomotor centerEVasoconstriction of arterioles2Cardioinhibitory centerBDecreased heart rate and contractility3Cardioacceleratory centerAIncreased heart rate and contractility

Your systolic blood pressure is 118 mm Hg and your diastolic blood pressure is 76 mm Hg. What is your pulse pressure?

42

systemic veins total bv at rest

64%

Systemic cap total bv at rest

7%

Heart total blood vlm at rest

7&

Pulm. circulation total bv at rest

9%

You are measuring a person's blood pressure following a brief bout of exercise. Their systolic blood pressure is 180 mm Hg and the diastolic blood pressure is 90 mm Hg. What is their pulse pressure in mm Hg?

90

Which of the following is true about afterload?

Afterload is the amount of fluid pressure generated by the ventricle during isotonic emptying.

Which arteries are most directly responsible for controlling the amount of blood entering individual capillary beds?

Aterioles

Which vessel types may be porous enough to allow diapedesis?

Capillaries and Venules

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the movement of individual red blood cells through a capillary vessel?

Capillary vessels are sometimes smaller in diameter than red blood cells, forcing the cells to squeeze through. If the vessel is larger, red blood cells must still travel through it in single file.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the tunica media?

Circularly arranged smooth muscle cells., The layer responsible for changing the diameter of the blood vessel.

Which of the following effects would cause decreased venous return?

D. Decreased breathing rate.

Fick's law states that the flow of blood through a vessel is...

Decreased if the resistance is increased.

​A 28-year-old female presents to the emergency department for difficulty breathing for the past hour. During physical examination, her lips appeared a little blue (cyanosis). During the past medical history, she explained that she is a hairdresser and has been working while standing for about eight hours per day for the past thirteen years. An X-ray of her lungs revealed the presence of multiple small lesions. During a physical examination, there was a normal pulse in her left leg, but almost no pulse in her right leg.

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Artery

Distributes blood

Pressure reservoirs

Elastic arteries function as

Caffeine acts to _______ cardiac muscle by ________.

Increase; activation of sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptors and increased calcium release

Which feature of the capillary wall results from incomplete tight junctions?

Intercellular Clefts

Which blood vessel layer is present in arteries but absent in veins?

Internal elastic lamina

Excessive interstitial fluid enters blind-ended lymphatic capillaries because...

Lymphatic capillaries are at a lower fluid pressure than the interstitial space.

Which type of arteries are often referred to as distributing arteries?

Muscular arteries

Assume that the following are the hydrostatic and osmotic conditions at the venous end of a capillary bed: CHP = 17 mm Hg, IFHP = 0 mm Hg, BCOP = 26 mm Hg, IFCOP = 12 mm Hg. Based on these conditions, which statement below correctly describes NFP and the direction of fluid movement?

NFP is 3 mm Hg, filtration is occurring.

Name the vessel that drains blood from a capillary bed.

Postcapillary Venule

Which of the following is true about preload?

Preload is affected by venous return to the heart.

Which of the following statements regarding resistance to blood flow is correct?

Resistance to flow increases with increased blood viscosity.

Which capillary type allows for the highest degree of material exchange?

Sinusoid Capillaries

Why must larger blood vessels possess a network of smaller blood vessels?

Small blood vessels can rely on diffusion between the blood they carry and the cells within their tunics. However, the outermost portions of large blood vessels are too far removed from the lumen to receive oxygen and nutrients, or to rid themselves of carbon dioxide and waste products. For this reason, they must be served by a vaso vasorum.

A 61-year-old man presented to the emergency department complaining of vomiting, profuse sweating, and very severe chest pain. He described the pain as excruciating and tearing in nature. He also noted that the pain was radiating around to the middle of his back. An ECG test returned normal results. What is the likely problem the patient is suffering from?

The patient is suffering from an aortic dissection, or tear in the wall of the aorta.Aortic dissection is distinguished from a myocardial infarction by sudden, excruciating chestpain, but there is no evidence of abnormal ECG. Other common symptoms include dysphagiafrom esophageal compression (blood leakage), abdominal pain, fever, and severe anxiety.

diapedisis

The process by which white blood cells squeeze between the cells in a vessel wall to enter the tissue spaces outside the blood vessel

Which component of the cardiovascular center can influence blood pressure by varying the total peripheral resistance?

The vasomotor center controls the vascular smooth muscle by way of vasomotor fibers.

​A 43-year-old woman presents to the ED for sudden memory loss, personality changes, trouble concentrating, and blackouts. Her spouse reports that she is in otherwise good health. When asked by the physician, the patient reports she routinely takes gingko and ginseng as dietary supplements, and that morning at work had an energy drink. What is the likely problem the patient is suffering from?

The woman is suffering from acute hypertension brought on by the combination of gingko, ginseng and caffeine-laden drinks. Ginseng and gingko are well known to increase blood pressure in patients, as do caffeine-laden drinks.

elasticity

ability of a blood vessel to expand and recoil

Vein

carry blood to the heart

capillary

carry blood within tissues to allow for gas exchange

arteries have low ___ and are relatively ___

compliance,,,elastic===makes them effective pressure reservoirs

Which capillary type is the most common and is found in the most locations?

continuous

Peripheral resistance is:

directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius and directly related to blood viscosity

compliance

how easily a structure changes volume in response to a change in pressure

Suppose that production of blood plasma proteins by the liver is significantly decreased. Will this directly cause an increase or a decrease in the net filtration pressure (NFP) in capillaries?

increase

Will the release of nitric oxide from the endothelial cells of an arteriole increase or decrease in response to a decreased pH of the tissue it serves?

increase

An artery with a relatively thick tunica media and a total diameter between 0.1 cm and 1 cm is most likely to be which type?

muscular artery

If I increase the cross-sectional area of a blood vessel by a factor of 2, I would expect the pressure within that blood vessel to ________ if everything else were unchanged.

quarter

Which layer of the blood vessel wall is responsible for changing lumen diameter?

tunica media

Which type of flow occurs when blood from different layers within the vessel lumen flow with varying relative velocities, increasing resistance?

turbulent

What is the name given to the network of smaller blood vessels providing nutrition to the walls of larger blood vessels?

vasa vasorum

You are looking at a cross section of a blood vessel under a microscope. This blood vessel has a large lumen, a relatively thin wall, and is deformed (it's almost flattened). Is it more likely that this is an artery or a vein?

vein

Look closely at Poiseuille's equation. If the viscosity (thickness) of a fluid moving through a tube were to decrease, what would happen to the value of ΔP?

ΔP would decrease. As there is a direct relationship between viscosity and ΔP, ΔP will decrease if viscosity were to decrease.