Chapter 19

hypothalamus?

area within the brain that is located just beneath the thalamus and controls the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

adenomyosis?

benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium of the uterus

dysfunctional uterine bleeding?

change in menstrual bleeding patterns related to hormonal imbalances, resulting In endometrial changes and subsequent abnormal bleeding

Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy?

hCG

human chorionic gonadotropin?

hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males

gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormones that regulate the female menstrual cycle

estrogen?

hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase that initiates the proliferation and thickening of the endometrium

Diring the Secretory phase the endometruim thickness is

7-14mm

Graafian follicle?

name for the dominant follicle prior to ovulationt

mittelschmerz?

pain at the time of ovulation

late proliferative phase is often referred to as the

periovulatory phase.

secretory phase?

second phase of the endometrial cycle

blastocyst?

stage at which the conceptus implants within the decidualized endometrium

cumulus oophorus?

structure that contains the developing oocyte

corpus luteum?

the temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle after ovulation

syncytiotrophoblastic cells?

trophoblastic cells surrounding the blastocyst that are responsible for producing human chorionic gonadotropin

imperforate hymen?

vaginal anomaly in which the hymen has no opening, resulting in an obstruction of the vagina

Amenorrhea?

Absence of menstruation

What examples would be a cause of AUB?

Endometrial hyperplasia, Hypothyroidism, Adenomyosis

Which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulates endometrial thickening?

Estrogen

During which phase of the endometrial cycle would the endometrium yield the three-line sign?

Late proliferative

The periovulatory phase may also be referred to as the:

Late proliferative phase

What could also be described as intermenstrual bleeding?

Metrorrhagia

Cryptomenorrhea?

Monthly symptoms of menstruation without bleeding

anterior pituitary gland?

anterior segment of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for releasing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the menstrual cycle

theca internal cells?

cells of the follicle that produce estrogen

endometrial atrophy?

degeneration of the endometrium with advancing age; most often seen in postmenopausal women

abnormal uterine bleeding is caused by

either endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus

The ovary produces

estrogen and progesterone

primary amenorrhea?

failure to experiencing menarche before age 16

fimbria?

fingerlike extension of the fallopian tube located on the infundibulum

The hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta is:

hCG

follicle-stimulating hormone?

hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes the development of multiple follicles on the ovaries

luteinizing hormone?

hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, resulting in ovulation

progesterone?

hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy, maintains pregnancy, and promotes development of the mammary glands; primarily produced by the The ovary and placenta

proliferation?

multiplication of similar forms

ovulation?

release of the mature egg from the ovary

follicle?

small, round groups of cells

secondary amenorrhea?

the cessation of menstruation characteristically diagnosed in the postmenarchal woman who has had 3 to 6 months without a menstrual cycle

The ovary produces estrogen and progesterone, which influence

the endometrium.

The anterior pituitary gland produces FSH and LH, which influence

the ovary.

The first phase of the ovarian cycle is the:

Follicular phase

The corpus luteum primarily releases:

Progesterone

mnemonic to recall the correlation of the menstrual cycle phases and what it stands for

"Ovaries Freely Let Every Period Start" Ovary Follicular Luteal Endometrium Proliferative Secretory

The measurement of the endometrium during the early proliferative phase ranges from:

4 to 8 mm

LH is produced by the:

Anterior pituitary gland

Which structure remains after the corpus luteum has regressed?

Corpus albicans

The temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle is the:

Corpus luteum

The structure noted within the Graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the:

Cumulus oophorus

Menometrorrhagia?

Excessive or prolonged bleeding at irregular intervals

Oligomenorrhea?

Irregular cycles greater than 35 days apart

Metrorrhagia, intermenstrual bleeding?

Irregular menstrual bleeding between periods

The hormone that surges at ovulation is:

LH

The first menstrual cycle is termed:

Menarche

What structure produces hormones that directly act upon the endometrium to produce varying thicknesses and sonographic appearances?

Ovary

Which of the following is said to be a common cause of DUB?

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Hypomenorrhea?

Regularly timed menses but light flow

When the ovary is in the luteal phase, the endometrium is in the:

Secretory

endometrial carcinoma?

cancer of the endometrium

menses?

menstrual bleeding

periovulatory phase

another name for the late proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle, which occurs around the time of ovulation

endometrial polyps?

small nodules of hyperplastic endometrial tissue

Ovulation typically occurs on day ___ of the menstrual cycle

14

The average menstrual cycle lasts:

28 days

A change in menstrual bleeding associated with lesions within the uterus relates to:

AUB

FSH is produced by the:

Anterior pituitary gland

What is the typical sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the secretory phase

Hyperchoic and thick

What is defined as frequent regular cycles but less than 21 days apart?

Polymenorrhea

The arteries within the functional layer of the endometrium that are altered by the hormones of the ovary and are shed with menstruation are the:

Spiral arteries

Menorrhagia, hypermenorrhea?

Abnormally heavy and prolonged menstruation

During the Periovulatory, late proliferative, phase the endometrium looks?

Distinct three-line sign

The hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland are _____ and both contain the word "hormone."

FSH and LH

The hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is:

GnRH

When the sonographic three-line sign is present the functional layer of the endometrium typically appears:

Hypoechoic

When the endometrium is in the secretory phase, the ovary is in what phase?

Luteal phase

During menses the Endometrial Thickness in mm goes Up to

Up to 4

Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding include

Uterine fibroids, Adenomyosis, Cervical polyps, Endometrial polyps, Endometrial hyperplasia, Endometrial cancer, Hypothyroidism, Anovulation

anovulatory?

absence of ovulation

Painful and difficult menstruation is termed:

Dysmenorhea

When the endometrium is in the proliferative phase, the ovary is in what phase?

Follicular phase

The dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed

Graafian follicle

What structure may be noted on the ovary just prior to ovulation?

Graafian follicle

Dysmenorrhea?

Painful or difficult menstruation

What hormone maintains the thickness of the endometrium after ovulation?

Progesterone

Which of the following hormones is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle?

Progesterone

When the ovary is in the follicukar phase, the endometrium is in what phase?

Proliferative phase

The second phase of the endometrial cycle is the:

Secretory phase

Early proliferative phase the endometrium will look how?

Thickening hypoechoic functional layer

During menses Endometrium loks like?

Thin and echogenic

The average menstrual cycle lasts ___ days, with ovulation occurring on day ___

28, 14.

During the Early proliferative phase the edometrium thickness is

4-8mm

During the Periovulatory, late proliferative, phase the endometrium thickness is how thick?

6-10mm

Ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that leads to AUB is termed:

Adenomyosis

An increase in the number of endometrial cells is termed:

Endometrial hyperplasia

The hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates follicular development of the ovary is

FSH

The two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the menstrual cycle are:

LH and FSH

The second phase of the ovarian cycle is called the:

Luteal phase

The first phase of the endometrial cycie is the:

Proliferative phase

During the Secretory phase the endometrium looks?

Thick and echogenic

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

complex interactions that take place between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries as part of the female reproductive cycle

corpus luteum of pregnancy?

corpus luteum that is maintained during early pregnancy for the purpose of producing estrogen and primarily progesterone

atresia, ovarian follicle?

degeneration of a follicle

The proliferative phase may be divided into two phases ___ and ___

early and late

three-line sign?

the periovulatory endometrial sonographic appearance in which the outer echogenic basal layer surrounds the more hypoechoic functional layer, with the functional layer separated by the echogenic endometrial stripe