Chapter 19
hypothalamus?
area within the brain that is located just beneath the thalamus and controls the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland
adenomyosis?
benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium of the uterus
dysfunctional uterine bleeding?
change in menstrual bleeding patterns related to hormonal imbalances, resulting In endometrial changes and subsequent abnormal bleeding
Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy?
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin?
hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males
gonadotropin-releasing hormone?
hormone released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormones that regulate the female menstrual cycle
estrogen?
hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase that initiates the proliferation and thickening of the endometrium
Diring the Secretory phase the endometruim thickness is
7-14mm
Graafian follicle?
name for the dominant follicle prior to ovulationt
mittelschmerz?
pain at the time of ovulation
late proliferative phase is often referred to as the
periovulatory phase.
secretory phase?
second phase of the endometrial cycle
blastocyst?
stage at which the conceptus implants within the decidualized endometrium
cumulus oophorus?
structure that contains the developing oocyte
corpus luteum?
the temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle after ovulation
syncytiotrophoblastic cells?
trophoblastic cells surrounding the blastocyst that are responsible for producing human chorionic gonadotropin
imperforate hymen?
vaginal anomaly in which the hymen has no opening, resulting in an obstruction of the vagina
Amenorrhea?
Absence of menstruation
What examples would be a cause of AUB?
Endometrial hyperplasia, Hypothyroidism, Adenomyosis
Which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulates endometrial thickening?
Estrogen
During which phase of the endometrial cycle would the endometrium yield the three-line sign?
Late proliferative
The periovulatory phase may also be referred to as the:
Late proliferative phase
What could also be described as intermenstrual bleeding?
Metrorrhagia
Cryptomenorrhea?
Monthly symptoms of menstruation without bleeding
anterior pituitary gland?
anterior segment of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for releasing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone during the menstrual cycle
theca internal cells?
cells of the follicle that produce estrogen
endometrial atrophy?
degeneration of the endometrium with advancing age; most often seen in postmenopausal women
abnormal uterine bleeding is caused by
either endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus
The ovary produces
estrogen and progesterone
primary amenorrhea?
failure to experiencing menarche before age 16
fimbria?
fingerlike extension of the fallopian tube located on the infundibulum
The hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta is:
hCG
follicle-stimulating hormone?
hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes the development of multiple follicles on the ovaries
luteinizing hormone?
hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that surges around day 14 of the menstrual cycle, resulting in ovulation
progesterone?
hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy, maintains pregnancy, and promotes development of the mammary glands; primarily produced by the The ovary and placenta
proliferation?
multiplication of similar forms
ovulation?
release of the mature egg from the ovary
follicle?
small, round groups of cells
secondary amenorrhea?
the cessation of menstruation characteristically diagnosed in the postmenarchal woman who has had 3 to 6 months without a menstrual cycle
The ovary produces estrogen and progesterone, which influence
the endometrium.
The anterior pituitary gland produces FSH and LH, which influence
the ovary.
The first phase of the ovarian cycle is the:
Follicular phase
The corpus luteum primarily releases:
Progesterone
mnemonic to recall the correlation of the menstrual cycle phases and what it stands for
"Ovaries Freely Let Every Period Start" Ovary Follicular Luteal Endometrium Proliferative Secretory
The measurement of the endometrium during the early proliferative phase ranges from:
4 to 8 mm
LH is produced by the:
Anterior pituitary gland
Which structure remains after the corpus luteum has regressed?
Corpus albicans
The temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle is the:
Corpus luteum
The structure noted within the Graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the:
Cumulus oophorus
Menometrorrhagia?
Excessive or prolonged bleeding at irregular intervals
Oligomenorrhea?
Irregular cycles greater than 35 days apart
Metrorrhagia, intermenstrual bleeding?
Irregular menstrual bleeding between periods
The hormone that surges at ovulation is:
LH
The first menstrual cycle is termed:
Menarche
What structure produces hormones that directly act upon the endometrium to produce varying thicknesses and sonographic appearances?
Ovary
Which of the following is said to be a common cause of DUB?
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Hypomenorrhea?
Regularly timed menses but light flow
When the ovary is in the luteal phase, the endometrium is in the:
Secretory
endometrial carcinoma?
cancer of the endometrium
menses?
menstrual bleeding
periovulatory phase
another name for the late proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle, which occurs around the time of ovulation
endometrial polyps?
small nodules of hyperplastic endometrial tissue
Ovulation typically occurs on day ___ of the menstrual cycle
14
The average menstrual cycle lasts:
28 days
A change in menstrual bleeding associated with lesions within the uterus relates to:
AUB
FSH is produced by the:
Anterior pituitary gland
What is the typical sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the secretory phase
Hyperchoic and thick
What is defined as frequent regular cycles but less than 21 days apart?
Polymenorrhea
The arteries within the functional layer of the endometrium that are altered by the hormones of the ovary and are shed with menstruation are the:
Spiral arteries
Menorrhagia, hypermenorrhea?
Abnormally heavy and prolonged menstruation
During the Periovulatory, late proliferative, phase the endometrium looks?
Distinct three-line sign
The hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland are _____ and both contain the word "hormone."
FSH and LH
The hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland is:
GnRH
When the sonographic three-line sign is present the functional layer of the endometrium typically appears:
Hypoechoic
When the endometrium is in the secretory phase, the ovary is in what phase?
Luteal phase
During menses the Endometrial Thickness in mm goes Up to
Up to 4
Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding include
Uterine fibroids, Adenomyosis, Cervical polyps, Endometrial polyps, Endometrial hyperplasia, Endometrial cancer, Hypothyroidism, Anovulation
anovulatory?
absence of ovulation
Painful and difficult menstruation is termed:
Dysmenorhea
When the endometrium is in the proliferative phase, the ovary is in what phase?
Follicular phase
The dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed
Graafian follicle
What structure may be noted on the ovary just prior to ovulation?
Graafian follicle
Dysmenorrhea?
Painful or difficult menstruation
What hormone maintains the thickness of the endometrium after ovulation?
Progesterone
Which of the following hormones is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle?
Progesterone
When the ovary is in the follicukar phase, the endometrium is in what phase?
Proliferative phase
The second phase of the endometrial cycle is the:
Secretory phase
Early proliferative phase the endometrium will look how?
Thickening hypoechoic functional layer
During menses Endometrium loks like?
Thin and echogenic
The average menstrual cycle lasts ___ days, with ovulation occurring on day ___
28, 14.
During the Early proliferative phase the edometrium thickness is
4-8mm
During the Periovulatory, late proliferative, phase the endometrium thickness is how thick?
6-10mm
Ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that leads to AUB is termed:
Adenomyosis
An increase in the number of endometrial cells is termed:
Endometrial hyperplasia
The hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates follicular development of the ovary is
FSH
The two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the menstrual cycle are:
LH and FSH
The second phase of the ovarian cycle is called the:
Luteal phase
The first phase of the endometrial cycie is the:
Proliferative phase
During the Secretory phase the endometrium looks?
Thick and echogenic
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
complex interactions that take place between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries as part of the female reproductive cycle
corpus luteum of pregnancy?
corpus luteum that is maintained during early pregnancy for the purpose of producing estrogen and primarily progesterone
atresia, ovarian follicle?
degeneration of a follicle
The proliferative phase may be divided into two phases ___ and ___
early and late
three-line sign?
the periovulatory endometrial sonographic appearance in which the outer echogenic basal layer surrounds the more hypoechoic functional layer, with the functional layer separated by the echogenic endometrial stripe
