Chapter 2

Which of the following is an argument in favor of the divine command theory?

God is all-knowing.

Utilitarianism is an example of

a consequentialist theory

Ethics is

a rational examination of people's moral beliefs, a branch of philosophy, one way to determine which activities are "good" and which are "bad" a field of study more than 2,000 years old

A right that is guaranteed without exception is called a

absolute right

We call utilitarianism a ______________ theory, because it focuses on the consequences of an action.

consequentialist

Accord9ing to Kant, our sense of "ought to" is called

dutifulness

The theory that each person should focus exclusively on his or her own self-interest is called ______________

ethical egoism.

Objectivism is based on the idea that

morality has an existence outside the human mind

The divine command theory is an example of

objectivism

The theory that morality exists outside the human mind is called ________________.

objectivism

Ethics is the ____________ of morality.

philosophical study

An association of people organizaed under a system of rules designed to advance the good of its members over time is called a

society

Kant said we should act only from moral rules that we can at the same time will to be universal moral laws. He also said we should act so that we always treat ourselves and other people as ends in themselves, and never only as a means to an end. Kant called these duties _______________________

the Categorical Imperative.

The Principle of Utility is also called

the Greatest Happiness Principle

The idea that social and economic inequalities must be to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society is called

the difference principle

The theory that good actions are those aligned with the will of God is called ___________

the divine command theory.

The logical error of trying to equate two things that are similar is called _________________

the equivalence fallacy.

John Rawls proposed the difference principle, that says any social and economic equalities must be "to the greatest benefit of _________"

the least-advantaged members of society.

Thomas Hobbes argued that everyone living in a civilized society has implicitly agreed to two things: (1) establishment of moral rules to govern relations among citizens, and (2) a government capable of enforcing these rules. Hobbes calls this arrangement _________________

the social contract.

Thomas Hobbes called life without rules and a means of enforcing them

the state of nature

According to Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, an action is right (or wrong) to the extent that it increases (or decreases) ____________________________

the total happiness of the affected parties.

According to Kant, the moral value of an action depends on

the underlying moral rule.

A relativist claims that

there are no universal moral principles

A character trait that prevents a human being from flourishing or become truly happy is called a

vice

Modern writers often refer to moral virtues as

virtues of character

The theory that the meaning of "right" and "wrong" rests with a society's actual moral guidelines is called ____________

cultural relativism.

Ethical egoism is

based on determining long-term beneficial consequences

Immanuel Kant concluded that the only thing in the world that can be called good without qualification is ___________

good will.

According to Aristotle, moral virtue results from

repetition of the appropriate acts

An early proponent of the social contract was

Jean-Jacque Rousseau

Two philosophers closely associated with utilitarianism are

Jeremy Benthan and JOhn Stuart Mill

______________ is the theory that there are no universal moral norms of right and wrong.

Relativism

The problem of moral luck is raised as a criticism of

act utilitarianism

According to James Moor, taking "the ethical point of view" means

deciding that other people and their core values are worthy of your respect.

A positive right is a right that obligates others to ________________

do something for someone.

According to Aristotle, deriving pleasure from a virtuous act is a sign that you

have developed the virtue.

An absolute right is a right that _____________

is guaranteed without exception.

Utilitarianism does not mean "the greatest good of the greatest number" because

it focuses solely on "the greatest good" and pays no attention to how "the good" is distribitued.

According to the second formulation of the categorical imperative,

it is wrong for one person to 'use" another.

A negative right is a right that another person can guarantee by ___________________

leaving the person alone.

In The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle writes that happiness results from _______________

living a life of virtue.

A limited right is a right that __________________

may be restricted based on the circumstances.

The theory that people decide for themselves what is right and wrong is called

subjective relativism

Ethics is focused on the ______________, moral choices people make.

voluntary

According to Aristotle, deriving pleasure from a virtuous act is a sign that _____________________.

you have acquired that virtue

The study of ethics dates back to the time of_____________, who faced an unjust death penalty rather than take advantage of an opportunity to flee into exile with his family.

Socrates

What is an argument in favour of ethical egoism?

The community can benefit when individuals put their well-being first

Rules of conduct describing what people ought and ought not to do in various situations are called

morality

A right that another can guarantee by leaving you alone to exercise the right is called a

negative right

According to social contract theory, we have a obligation to obey the law.

prima facie