Chapter 2

The subcortex is composed of...

-cerebellum -medulla oblongata -pons -diencephalanon -thalamus -hypothalamus

Autonomic nervous system

Control automatic processes such as: hormone balance, temperature, and width of blood vessels.

pituitary gland releases

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Medulla Oblongata Function

basic physiological processes

Cerenbellum Function

body movements

Subcortex

lower part of the brain responsible for various physiological processes necessary to stay alive.

Gastrointestinal (GI) system

responsible for digestion

Cerebral cortex

responsible for thinking

Parasympathetic NS

rest and digest

limbic system

seat of emotions

Thyroid gland

secretes thyroxin

Pons Function

sleep cycle

What are the 7 stages of the GI system?

1. Saliva breaking down food 2. Hydrochloric acid and enzymes in the stomach further break down food. 3. Small intestine further breaks down and absorbs food. 4. Unusable food is transported through small intestine, through large intestine, and out of the body through the anal opening.

How does stress effect the GI system?

1. Saliva is reduced, producing dry mouth. 2. Contractions of the esophagus make swallowing difficult. 3. Hydrochloric acid increases in stomach. 4. Peristalsis is affected, possibly resulting in diarrhea or constipation.

How does stress effect the skin?

1. Stress increases perspiration, the galvanic skin response measured by lie detectors. 2. Surface temperature of the skin falls.

How does stress effect the muscles?

1. Stress results in persistent contraction of muscles—bracing. 2. Smooth muscles (of internal organs) also are contracted.

Epinephrine

A catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla.

Norepinephrine

A catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla.

Oxytocin

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.

Vasopressin (ADH)

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland.

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A network of nerves that connects the mind and the body.

Hydrochloric acid

A substance found in the digestive system that helps break down food for digestion.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Activates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticoid hormones.

Endocrine system

Comprised of hormones that regulate physiological functions.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for conserving energy.

Hypothalamus

Part of the diencephalon that activates the autonomic nervous system.

Thalamus

Part of the diencephalon that relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.

Small intestine

Part of the digestive system into which the esophagus empties.

Large intestine

Part of the digestive system that receives unusable food substances from the small intestine.

Diencephalon

Part of the subcortex responsible for regulation of the emotions.

Limbic system

Produces emotions

Glucocorticoids

Regulate metabolism of glucose.

Mineralocorticoids

Regulate the balance between sodium and potassium.

Medulla oblongata

Regulates heartbeat and breathing

Pons

Regulates sleep

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

Released by hypothalamus and results in the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Aldosterone

Secreted from the adrenal cortex that is responsible for an increase in blood pressure.

Thyrotropic hormone releasing factor (TRF)

Stimulates gland to release thyrotropic hormones

What is the thyroid gland activated by?

TTH

Gray matter

The cerebral cortex.

Galvanic skin response (GSR)

The electrodermal response or the electrical conductance of the skin.

Anal opening

The exit point for unusable food substances.

Esophagus

The food pipe.

Adrenal medulla

The inner portion of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines.

Adrenal cortex

The part of the adrenal gland that secretes corticoids.

Hippocampus

The part of the brain that "sounds the alarm" that stress is present.

Cortisol

The primary glucocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex that is responsible for an increase in blood glucose.

Gluconeogenesis

The production of glucose from amino acids by the liver.

hypothalamus function

activator of autonomic nervous system

What does the posterior hypothalamus activate?

adrenal medulla

Pituitary gland releases...

adrenocorticotropic hormone

reticular activating system

connection between mind and body

Oxytocin

contracts blood vessels

adrenal cortex releases

corticoid hormones

anterior portion of hypothalamus releases

corticotropin

Anterior hypothalamus releases...

corticotropin releasing factor

What does the adrenal medulla release?

epinephrine and norepinephrine to stimulate cardiovascular system

Sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

Adrenal cortex releases...

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

What causes the constriction of the blood vessels?

oxytocin and vasopressin

Vasopressin

promotes water retention

thalamus function

relays info from nervous system to cerebral cortex

Cerebellum

responsible for coordination

Thyrotropic hormone (TTH)

stimulates the thyroid gland

Another word for the brain is...

the cerebral cortex

The thyroid gland releases...

throxyin

What causes the increase in blood pressure?

vasopressin and aldosterone

What sounds the alarm that stress is present?

hippocampus

What activates the autonomic nervous system?

hypothalamus

What activates the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

How does the hypothalamus activate the pituitary?

direct nerve pathway

diencephalon

emotions

Sympathetic NS

fight or flight

Cerebral Cortex Function

Language and Judgement