Chapter 2 : Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, Hearing

Lung Lobes

Right lung- has 3 lobes Left lung- 2 lobes

Ribs in the human chest?

12

Trachea's last ring branches out into 2 parts:

Bifercating-(branches out) to become right and left mainstem bronchi (plural)

Lumbar Vertebrae

Bigger corpus here because lower back is a shock absorber, absorbing pressure in that area. Transverse process very small. still a vertebral foramen. differences unique to function the vertebrae serve.

5 types of vertebrae

Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 Coccyx - 3 or 4

Pleural Linkage

Two Types of Pleura: 1) Visceral pleura -- lining closest to the lung 2) Parietal pleura -- outer lining Pleural space Intrapleural pressure is ALWAYS negative. The lungs are attached to the thorax via pleural pressure. When the diaphragm contracts, the lungs are pulled down because of the association between the pleurae and the diaphragm.

Diaphragm has 3 holes

esophogeal hiatus-where esophogus passes through to get into stomach. 2 huge blood vessels-an artery and a vein-the abdominal aorta & foramen (means holes) Vena Cava.

Respiration

exchange of gas between an organism and its environment

Expiration

exhalation decrease volume = pressure increases

Accessory muscle most important in inhalation/inspiration

external intercostal muscles- outside of the rib cage, between each of the ribs. Here the origin point is the lower surface of a rib. The insertion is the upper surface of the rib below. Like a solid sheet of muscle tissue that fills in the spaces between each pair of ribs. Gives rib cage stability and protection. When the muscle here contracts, all of the ribs move upward towards the first rib. p. 91 Function: Elevate Rib

Foramen

means hole or opening.

Body (corpus) of sternum

middle portion of sternum

Inspiration

inhalation increase volume = pressure decreases

muscles of expiration

internal intercostals, transverse abdominus, internal oblique, external oblique, rectus abdominus

Manubrium

uppermost part of sternum, shield like The "handle" or top of the sternum

Inhalation occurs when....

we make our lungs large, causing pressure within them to decrease or drop (relative to atmosphere). Air is drawn in to fill up that space. If we have negative pressure we inhale air to equalize the pressure. We make our lungs expand, and that causes us to inhale. Brain sends message to diaphram contracting, causing lungs to expand, creating neg pressure, and this causes you to draw air in to fill up that space.

Two phases of breathing

-Inhalation/Inspiration -Exhalation/Expiration

Quiet inspiration

-Using your diaphragm to inhale only. Provides all of lung expansion needed to get oxygen demands met. Quiet resting breathing.

Forced inspiration

-When we need more oxygen or need more power, then this is used. Need more to speak (to vibrate vocal folds.) Or running. Uses diaphragm plus other muscles, called accessory muscles. Respiration is a graded activity-has different needs depending on what you are doing.

Pulmonary System

2 Parts: 1)Lungs 2)Conducting Airways: * Larynx * Trachea * Bronchi * Alveoli

Transverse (to the side) Foramen

2 holes (foramen) on Cervical Vertebrae-for major blood vessels to pass through there.

Vertebral Column divided into 7 sections

33 diff segments called vertebrae (-more than one vertebra) Singular ends in -a, plural ends in -ae Row 1-Cervical vertebrae-(neck area)-Row 1 Called C1-C7 for shorthand version of area (Cervix means neck) C1 called the Atlas-holds up your skull (like Atlas held up world), C2 called Axis Row 2-Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) Row 3-Lumbar Vertebrae L1-L5 Row 4-Sacrum-5 vertebrae that have been fused through evolution together. No longer seperate but can see where used to be. Row5 -Coccyx (tailbone)-5 vertebrae-Remnants of a tail bone-fused together

Superior Articular Facet

Articulate means to join-so these are where vertebrae above joins this vertebrae. Sits one on top of the other.

Corpus

Body of the Sternum

Lungs how does the air enter?

Boyle's law-inhalation happens so that we expand our lungs, the pressure within them decreases compared to pressure in the atmosphere, causing us to draw the air in (inhale.)

Pectoralis Major & Pectoralis Minor- Why are they inhalation muscles?

But when arm is fixed and they contract they have a small effect of raising the ribs, because they attach to the sternum. Originates at sternum, inserts into upper arm bone. When it contracts, it will elevate the sternum and then the ribs. Helps to increase transverse dimension of the rib cage.

Pectoral Girdle Clavicle Scapula

Clavicles-two collar bones sternum-breast bone down the middle scapula (or scapulae if 2 of them)-right at shoulder in back clavicle attaches to the superior portion of the sternum and the scapula but nothing else Scapula attaches to clavicle but nothing else. That's why easy to dislocate shoulder-not sturdy. Loosely attached to 1 or 2 other structures.

Transverse Abdominus

Compresses abdominal viscera. Accessory muscle of exhalation. Located under the obliques, it's the deepest of the abdominal muscles. Transverse = across Goes from left to right

Internal Oblique

Compresses abdominal viscera. Accessory muscle of exhalation/expiration. Located under the external obliques, running in the opposite direction

rectus abdominus

Compresses abdominal viscera. Accessory muscle of expiration. Vertical "up and down" muscle. Gives us the "six pack"

Diaphragm's location:

Floor of thoracic cavity and roof of abdominal cavity is diaphragm. Forms the dividing line between thoracic and abdominal cavity. See pg. 80

Ribs look when resting? Expanding?

From the side view-ribs slant downward-when resting. During inspiration the ribs elevate would be more straight out, making it expand the size of the rib cage. (like blinds)

Pelvic Girdle -4 bones that makeup

Ilium (top hip area), Ischium (bottom pelvic area), pubis (pubic bone), sacrum (lower part of the posterior portion of the pelvic girdle). These make up our hip bones.

Bony Pelvis (Hip Bones)

Ilium bone: -Iliac crest Ischium bone Pubis bone: -Pubic symphysis- Brings the two pubis bones together. Structural support and points of attachment for respiratory system.

Diaphragm change shapes?

In it's resting position, the diaphragm takes the shape of an upside down bowl. When it contracts, it flattens out, no longer that curved upside down bowl. If it goes from a dome shape and flattens out, the lungs expand and get increased. This is the primary way we increase the size of our lungs. So that we create neg pressure within them, causing us to inhale.

Diaphragm flattens, what happens below?

It is the roof of the abdominal cavity, so underneath it (packed full of organs there) it compresses what is beneath it then. Every time we inhale, the stomach protrudes then because the diaphragm's movement causes the stomach to protrude with every inhalation. p. 82

aponeurosis

Layers of flat broad tendons -- Membraneous, fibrous. Primary function to join muscles to the body parts that the muscles act upon

Accessory Muscles-minor contributors-Inhalation Muscles

Levator Costarum, longis-raises ribs (elevates) Any muscles that elevate ribs are considered muscles of inhalation, because elevating causes rib cage to expand, create neg pressure. Pressure and volume inversely proportional. Serratus Posterior-in the back, towards the top. Elevate the ribs. Inhalation muscle. Accessory Muscle of the neck- (Any muscle that may elevate the ribs)-2 of them: Sternocleidomastoid- muscle that sticks out on side of neck-primary function is helping you turn your head. Action related to breathing for speech-if you contract both together it raises the upper ribs because attached to clavical and sternum. p. 98 Behind ear to attach on clavical. Origin-Mastoid process of temple bone, insertion-sternum and clavical. Scalenus Anterior-3 different-Scalenus anterior, medial, and posterior Talk about them all as the Scalenus though Function: They are rib elevators (raises them) Expand front to back and side to side dimensions..

External Oblique

Located on the side and front of the abdomen. External to internal obliques, running in opposite direction of them. Compresses abdominal viscera. Accessory muscle of expiration.

Diaphragm

Main muscle of Inspiration. Attachments: Central tendon Xiphoid process of sternum Ribs (7-12) and their costal cartilages Lumbar vertebrae (1-3) In it's resting position, it's cupped, concave. When we inhale, it flattens. Thoracic expansion.

Exhaling

Making our lungs smaller makes the pressure positive and forces the air out. We exhale.

Sternum- 3 divisions

Manubrium Corpus (body) Xiphoid process/Ensiform Function: Attachment for muscles and cartilages of the thorax.

Pectoralis Major & Pectoralis Minor

Muscles that move arms-major function

Diaphragm: Origin Insertion Action

Origin-3 points: Ensiform Process of the sternum, inner surface of lower ribs, upper lumbar vertebrae. Insertion-Central Tendon Action-Flattens central tendon and expands the lungs in the vertical dimension. Causes us to inhale.

Internal Intercostal Muscles

Origin: lower border of one rib Insertion: upper border of the rib immediately below Function: Major muscle of expiration. Just deep to external intercostals Run at right angles to external intercostals

External Intercostal Muscles Origin Insertion Function/Action

Origin:lower edge of 1 rib Insertion: into upper edge(lower surface of rib immediately below Function:The second main muscle of inspiration, by elevating the rib cage. The direction of the muscle fibers are oblique (angled).

Accessory muscles

Other muscles that help out are accessory muscles, because we can breathe without them. They are only helpers. They raise the ribs. When raised, they flare out more horizontally and that increases the size of the rib cage primarily in the front to back and a little in the side to side dimensions. Increases volume of the rib cage.

Vertebral Foramen

Part of the Cervical Vertebrae. It is the hole where brain stem and spinal cord begins.

Diaphragm's point of insertion:

Point of insertion is this big white thing in the middle called the central tendon aka diaphragmatic aponeurosis.

Inhalation-2 types

Quiet inhalation/inspiration Forced inhalation/inspiration

True ribs

Ribs 1-7 Connect to the sternum via costal cartilages.have a direct attachment to the sternum through the cartilage. (Bones-cartilage-sternum)

Ribs 3 divisons?

Ribs 1-7 true ribs Ribs 8-10 false ribs Ribs 11-12 floating ribs

Floating ribs

Ribs 11 and 12 Do not attach to the front of the thorax. do not attach to sternum-are floating-attach posteriorly but anteriorly to NOTHING

Esophogus

Right behind the trachea-it is where the food goes down, and is normally deflated. (Flat.) Not made out of cartilage. When a lump of food enters your esophogus it opens up.

Linea Alba

Runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis, forming a midline structure for muscular attachment. Linea = lining, alba = white

Thorax

Skeletal thorax (a.k.a. Rib cage) Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Sternum Houses viscera -- internal organs -- Heart, lungs, etc. Protects and supports respiratory function (heart and lungs) --allows for expansion and contraction -Serves as points of attachment too.

Alveoli tubes

The actual exchange of carbon dioxide/oxygen takes place here. The cluster of grapes thing is alveoli sacs-in here that the handoff takes place. The air that we breath in lets oxygen go across the cell membrane of the alveoli-and the oxygen is able to leave and cross the cell membrane and enter the capillaries-They are the blood vessels surrounding the alveoli. When red, they have picked up oxygen and leaving the lungs going to the heart. When on diagram are blue-they don't have oxygen in them and are coming to the lungs to pick them up.

Diaphram

The diaphragm is the single most important muscle of respiration. We could not breathe without a diaphragm. Must have it working to inhale. That's how we get lung expansion necessary to decrease pressure and force us to inhale.

Bronchioles

The final and most narrow of tubes in the lungs

Media stinum

The media stinum is the space occupied by the heart. It is in the middle area taking up the space of the third lobe (of the left lung) for the heart.

Boyle's Law

The pressure within a chamber (container) is inversely related to the volume of that container. So pressure on the walls of smaller container is greater than those on the larger container. (So the larger the denominator, the smaller the value of the fraction. The larger the area of the container, the smaller the pressure exerted on the walls of the container.) increase volume = pressure decreases decrease volume = pressure increases FORMULA: Pressure= Force/Area

Lungs expand primarily?

The primary way that the lungs expand is in the vertical dimension. The other way the lungs expand is also in the front to back (anterior/posteriorly) and transversely. The lungs are simply placed inside the thorax. Just sitting there. Lungs surrounded by a membrane. This membrane called Plural Membrane or Plural Lining. The diaphram-which forms the floor of the thoracic cavity, is covered with a plural membrane. Rib cage lined with the plural membrane. The lungs are actually suctioned to the inside of the thoracic cavity by these membranes. The lungs stick to the inside of the thoracic cavity and the diaphram. Diaphram is a muscle and CAN move. When it moves, the lungs move with them, because they are suctioned together-called plural linkage. linked together by suction of the membranes. When diaphram contracts and moves, lungs move with it. THAT is how we expand the lungs and make them larger, decreasing pressure, and inhaling.

Pectoral Girdle & Pelvic Girdle-

The way we attach legs and arms to the rest of the body.

Ribs

True ribs (1-7) Connect to the sternum via costal cartilages. False ribs (8, 9, and 10) Connect to the 7th rib via costal arch. Floating ribs (11 and 12) Do not attach to the front of the thorax.

Framework of the breathing mechanism

Vertebral Column Sternum Clavicle Ribs Pelvic Girdle Pectoral Girdle

Ribs function in respiration?

We have the ability to move the rib cage and expand it through movement-we are able to take advantage of the hinged arrangement where the ribs join the vertebral column in the back-we are able to rotate the rib cage and move them

Larynx

Your "wind pipe." Right on top of the trachea. It is the tube or passageway that you breath through. Food/drink don't belong there.

Trachea

a Semi- rigid/flexible tube composed of 16-20 rings of C shaped cartilage. Hyaline (glossy white) cartilage here. These rings are horseshoe shaped-means open in the back. Extends: 6 C vertebrae - 4 or 5th T vertebrae. Posterior membranous wall: esophagus Limited movement ~ not very flexible. There is a membrane over the opening and the reason that it's made that way is because we don't always have the same demands for inhalation. Depends on what you are doing. When need to inhale a lot more (Ex. Exercising)-allows them to dialate more and (open more).

Inhalation's Biological purpose

biological purpose to bring oxygen into bloodstream

Xiphoid process Ensiform process

bottom portion of sternum ast small bottom part of the sternum-Fibers of the diaphragm attach here.

muscles of inspiration

diaphragm, external intercostals

Rectus sheath

fibrous sheath formed by aponeuroses of abdominal muscles. aponeuroses = membranous like. Fibrous

Exhalation's biological purpose

get rid of waste products of metabolism

Diaphragm's origin points:

it completely encircles the entire body.The ensiform process, inner surface of lower ribs. and the lumbar vertebrae-are all it's origin points.

False ribs

ribs 8-10 they join to 1 common cartilage and then join sternum. They are bone-common cartilage-sternum -Connect to the 7th rib via costal arch - not the same as costal cartilages.