Chapter 2 DNH

An example of an Internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a

.com

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published?

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study- because they did not collab on the same study

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is referred to as ______.

epidemiology

What is the first step of the scientific method?

observation

is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.

variable

personal experiences

anecdotes

Some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or _____ about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies of scientists whose research supports their interests.

bias

Scientists expect researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and when selecting participants for research and collecting and analyzing data.

biases

In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time.

cohort

Observational epidemiological research includes

cohort studies and case-control studies

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a ______ variable.

confounding

The science of nutrition is ______.

constantly evolving

A group of people that serve as subjects in an experiment but do not receive a treatment is called a(n) ______ group.

control

A valid experiment requires both a treatment and

control group

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize

control group and treatment group

A ______ is a relationship between two variables.

correlation

A limitation of observational studies is that nutrition scientists can only look for a ______ between variables and health outcomes.

correlation

List the events prior to the publishing of experimental results in scientific journals.

critical review by other subject-matter experts subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient diseases

deficiency

A physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to

diet

It is easier to ______.

disprove a hypothesis as being untrue than to verify one as true

An example of an Internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a

edu. site

Studies that can illustrate differences in dietary patterns among populations and can lead to additional experiments that may be able to test the cause of the disease process are called ______.

epidemiological

A researcher that studies the frequency of diabetes in Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic African-American adults is conducting _____ research.

epidemiology

The type of research conducted when an investigator measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations is termed

epidemiology

An is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

experiment

Nutrition scientists conduct _____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices.

experimental

The second step in the scientific method is developing a

hypothesis

An anecdote ______ considered scientific evidence.

is not

Choose an example of a nutrient deficiency disease.

lack of niacin leading to pellagra

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ______.

lack of proper nutrition poor diets

An infomercial for a new weight-loss supplement claims that the medical community has been keeping this formula secret for decades and features the testimonials of an ex-baseball player and a prominent pop music star, who say they lost 12 pounds in the first two weeks. Should you try this supplement?

no

Epidemiologists often rely on ______ people to obtain health data.

physical examinations of surveys of

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called the method

scientific

Why do nutrition recommendations change?

scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings

What type of study has very few confounding variables?

test tube studies

Which terms best describes marketing a product with a personal endorsement?

testimonial

Prior to publishing the results of an experiment, ______.

the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject-matter experts critical review by other subject-matter experts subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published

In vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because

there are physiological differences between humans and other animals.

Medical researchers must be cautious when applying the results of in vivo animal research to people because of the physiological differences between humans and other animals.

true

Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health.

true

True or false: A cohort study is a type of observational epidemiological study.

true

National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from research findings (use abbreviation to answer this question).

NHANES

Researchers use findings from the _____ to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure.

NHANES

Who are the subjects in a case-control study?

Person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation Person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation

Choose the descriptions that accurately define the scientific method?

Educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome A procedure designed to discover reproducible results Testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence-based conclusion

Which of the following is true about a case-control study?

Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

A control group is important for which of the following reasons?

It enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study. It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. It is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment.

A control group is important for which of the following reasons?

It enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study. It is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment. It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect.

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment?

Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis. Scientists summarize the findings.

Pellagra was especially widespread in the United States in the early 1900s in which area of the country?

Southern US

Which of the following is true about control groups?

The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used.

What are some important questions to ask when evaluating the legitimacy of nutrition information?

Where does the information originate? What motivates the authors? Does the author have reliable credentials?