Chapter 2: Evaluating Nutrition

_______________ assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that members of treatment and control groups have similar characteristics. This enhances the validity of the study results.

Random

A member of a treatment group ______.

Receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated.

Dr.Black is conducting a scientific study in which codes are used to identify a subjects group membership and this information is not revealed until the end of the study. Dr.Black is conducting a:

double blind study

The Journal of Nutrition, The New England Journal of Medicine, and Journal of the American Dietetic Association are all examples of:

peer-reviewed journals

When a population's intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks increases and the percentage of overweight people in the population also increases, this is an example of a(n) ___________ correlation.

positive

Who are subjects in a case-control study?

- Persons with the disease or condition under investigation - Persons without the disease or condition under investigation.

Why is it important to repeat scientific investigations?

- To confirm the original researchers conclusion - To achieve greater acceptability among other scientist.

In an experiment, a "sugar pill" or fake injection is called a(n):

placebo

Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in ____________, whereas "test tube" experiments are classifies as in ___________.

vivo, vitro

what is the first step when conducting experimental research?

Make observations.

True or False. Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

True

True or False. Scientist conduct experiments, hypotheses.

True

True or False. Studying different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientist may learn about the influence of diet on health.

True

A _____________________ is a report of personal experiences.

anecdote

Popular sources of nutrition information such as news media and web sites ____________ peer-reviewed.

are not

Observational epidemiological studies ________ establish causation.

cannot

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in ________ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship.

correlation

Conflict results in studies can occur due to ways various studies are ___________, even when investigating the same question.

designed

A physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to:

diet

A(n) _____________ is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research.

hypothesis

A prospective study means that the research study will ________ in time.

look forward

Cohort studies can be retrospective or __________________.

prospective

What is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time.

prospective

The most reliable nutrition advice is based on

research

Epidemiologists often rely on ________ people to obtain health data.

surveys of and physical examinations of

What studies involve human subjects?

Experimental (intervention) studies and Observational studies

A college-trained health-care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition is called a:

Registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) or Registered dietitian (RD)

True or False. The dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings.

True

In a _____________ study, epidemiologist collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time.

cohurt

The participants in a experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the ___________ group.

control

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of disease patterns among various population is known as ________________ .

epidemiology

Nutrition scientist conduct _________ studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices.

experimental

A placebo pill is considered to be _________ because the substances in the pill do not produce measurable physical changes.

inert

Before an article can be published, a critical analysis of the article is conducted by fellow research colleagues. This process is called ______________.

peer review

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ____________.

poor diets and lack of proper nutrition.

Publishing research in peer-reviewed journals help to eliminate:

research bias

A person in a research study who receives a fake treatment with an inert substance yet reports improvement in his health is experiencing a(n):

placebo effect

Information based on the results of scientific studies is called ________________ information.

evidence based

Nutrition misinformation, or nutrition fiction, _____________.

- promotes special products, - uses personal testimonials, is widespread in American culture