Chapter 2: Hardware and Software

(Examples of mainframe OSs) *Z/OS:*

*IBM's first 64-bit enterprise OS*

real time

*Responds to input* instantly

syntax

*a set of rules associated with a programming language*

multiuser

*allows 2 or more users to run programs at same time on one computer*

software bug

*defect in a program that keeps it from performing as it should*

(Google Chrome) Chrome OS

*linux-based operating system designed for netbooks and netters*; designed to run on inexpensive low-power computers

Linux

*open-source operating system* - three of the most widely used distributions come from software companies: -- *Red Hat* -- *SUSE* -- *Canonical* - openSUSE is the distribution sponsored by SUSE

Spreadsheet Analysis

*perform statistical, financial, logical, database, graphics, and data and time calculations* using a wide range of built-in functions

Some software now requires that you _________ or __________ before it can be fully used

*register* or *activate it*

Off-the-shelf software

*software MASS-PRODUCED by software vendors*; *addresses needs that are common* across businesses, organizations, or individuals

Database Applications

*store, manipulate, retrieve data*

Enterprise *Application Integration* (EAI)

*tying together of disparate applications*

Software As A Service (SAAS)

- *Businesses subscribe to Web-delivered business application software* - vendors include *Oracle, SAP, NetSuite, Salesforce, and Google*

File Management

- *Ensures that files in secondary storage are available* when needed - *Protects files from access by unauthorized users*

Access to *System Resources & Security*

- *Protection against unauthorized access* to the user's data and programs - *Establishes a logon procedure* - *Tracks who is using the system*, length of use, and attempted security breaches

Popular Operating Systems (OS) *for embedded systems*:

- *Windows embedded* - *Proprietary Linux-based systems*: Sony's Wii, and OSs in e-book readers, ATMs, smartphones, networking devices and media players

Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages

- *collection of single programs packaged together in a BUNDLE* - (Suites can include:) *Word Processor, Spreadsheet, Database Management, Graphics, Communications tools, and Organizers* - *Programs are designed to work similarly* - Bundled suite is *cost effective*

Mac *OS X Server*

- *first MODERN server from OS Apple* - based on the *UNIX OS* - *makes it easy to collaborate, develop software, host Web sites and wikis, configure Mac and IOS devices, and remotely access a network*

*Windows Server* provides:

- *powerful Web server management system* - *virtualization tools* that allow various operating systems to run on a single server - *advanced security* features - *robust admin support*

Tips for *reducing the impact of software bugs*:

- *register all software* - *check read-me files* for solutions to known problems - *access the support area* of the manufacturer's Web site for patches - *install latest software updates* - before reporting a bug, make sure that you can recreate the circumstances under which it occurs - after you can recreate the bug, *call the manufacturer's tech support line* - consider *waiting before buying the latest release of software* to give the vendor a chance to discover and remove bugs. Many schools and businesses don't purchase software until the first major revision with patches is released

programming languages

- *sets of keywords, commands, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements* - allows humans to communicate instructions to a computer

software issues:

- *software bugs* - *copyrights/ liscencing* - *open-source* software - software upgrades - global software support

enterprise application software

- *software that benefits an ENTIRE organization* - *helps managers and workers stay connected* - cost, installation and ability to integrate with other software are major considerations in selecting this software - usability on smartphones and mobile devices is also an important factor

smartphones employ *full-fledged computer OSs* such as:

- Google Android - Apple iOS

Other examples of mainframe OSs:

- HP-UX from Hewlett Packard - Linux

Apple Computer OS

- Mac OS X has been upgraded multiple times - *First 8 versions were named after big cats* - *Latest versions are named after places in CA* - Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan is the latest version - Mac users can set up their computers to run both Windows and Mac OS X

Other Personal Application Software

- TurboTax: tax-preparation program - Software for creating Web pages and sites, composing music, and editing photos and videos - educational and reference - entertainment, games, and leisure - computer-assisted design (CAD) - statistical software: SPSS and SAS

Most software products are protected by law using copyright or liscencing provisions:

- in some cases, you are given unlimited use of software on 1 or 2 computers - in other cases, you pay for your usage; if you use the software more, you pay more

Mobile Application Software

- number of apps has exploded - hundreds of thousands of applications have been developed by 3rd parties - over 1.8 million applications are available for iPhones from the Apple App Store - over 2.2 million apps are available in the Android market on Google Play's Store

Networking Capability

Allows *computers in a network to send / receive data & share computing resources*

multithreading

Allows *different threads of a single program to run concurrently*

Microsoft PC OS

As of Windows 10, Microsoft is moving away from releasing major new versions, but will provide ongoing, incremental upgrades and improvements

*Personal productivity* software

Enables *individual users to improve their personal effectiveness*

*Common* Personal Computer *Input Devices*:

Keyboard and mouse

Supercomputers

MOST POWERFUL computer system, FASTEST processing speed

A *universal serial bus (USB) flash drive* is a common _______

SSD (Solid State STORAGE Device)

Application programs' primary function

To *apply the power of the computer to enable people, workgroups, and the entire enterprise to solve problems and perform specific tasks*

embedded system

a *computer system (including a processor) implanted in* and dedicated *to the control of another device*

Hard *Disk* Drive (HDD)

a *direct-access storage device*; consists of *rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material*

mainframe computer

a *large, powerful computer shared by 100s of concurrent users connected to the MACHINE over a network*

thin client

a *low-cost*, *centrally-managed computer* with *no internal/external attached drives for storage*

proprietary software

a *one-of-a-kind program for a specific application*; owned by the company, organization, or person that uses it

*Optical* (THINK OF LASER SURGERY) Secondary Storage

a form of data storage that *uses LASERS to read/write data*

Service-oriented architecture (SOA)

a software design approach *using modules* to provide specific functions as services to other applications

Memory management

allows the computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing

nettop computer

an *inexpensive desktop computer; Smaller, lighter, and consumes much less power than a traditional desktop computer*

(Google Chrome) Chromium OS

an *open-source version of Chrome OS*

Workstations

are *more powerful than personal computers but still small enough to fit on a desktop*

UNIX

can be *used on many computer system types and platforms*

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)

can manage a *cluster of several servers*

*supporting local operations* is one of the biggest

challenges IS teams face *when putting together standardized, company-wide systems*

Word Processing

create, edit, and print text documents

workgroup application software

designed to *support teamwork with people in the same location or dispersed around the world*

Presentation Graphics Program

develop graphs, illustrations, drawings, and presentations

open-source software

distributed, typically for free, with the source code

*multi*core processor

has *2 or more independent processing units, called cores*

why is developing an *upgrading strategy* important for many businesses?

helps to *ensure that updated software is more stable with fewer errors /problems*

software upgrades vary widely

in the benefits that they provide

outsourcing global support to

one or more 3rd party distributors *is gaining acceptance*

single-user license

permits you to *install software on one or more computers, used by one person*

utility program

program that *helps to perform maintenance / correct problems* with a computer system

multiprocessing

running a program on *more than one CPU*

software companies revise their programs and

sell new versions periodically

Many software options are available-

software can be selected that best meets the needs of the individual, workgroup, or enterprise

Middleware

software that allows *different systems to communicate and exchange data* - can also be used as an interface between the Internet and private corporate systems

role of *operating systems*:

to *act as an INTERFACE between application software & hardware*

Workgroup

*2 or more people working together* to *achieve a common goal*

processing tasks

*5 basic management techniques:* 1. multiuser 2. multiprocessing 3. multitasking 4. multithreading 5. real time

*Plotters* are used for general design work such as:

*Blueprints, schematics, and drawings of buildings*

storage capacity

*Byte (B)*: *8 bits* that together *represent a single character of data*

secondary storage is NOT directly accessible by the ______

*CPU* - *Computers usually use input/output channels to access secondary storage* and then transfer the desired data to intermediate areas in primary storage

Systems software

*Controls the operations of computer hardware; supports the application programs' problem-solving capabilities*

Virtual memory

*HARD DISK SPACE is allocated to supplement the immediate, functional memory capacity of RAM* (substitutes RAM) - paging

*co*processor

*SPEEDS processing by executing specific types of instructions* (while the CPU works on another processing activity)

Server farm

*a room used to house a large # of servers* - Access to the machines *can be controlled, and authorized support personnel can more easily manage and maintain the servers*

secondary storage

*devices that store LARGE amounts of data/instructions/information MORE PERMANENTLY than allowed with memory*

enterprise storage

*large secondary* storage

read-only memory (ROM)

*nonvolatile*; provides *permanent storage* for data and instructions that do not change

input and output devices

*provide data and instructions*; *receives results from it*

main memory

*provides CPU with a working storage area for programs and data* - rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU

main memory

*provides processor with a "working storage area" to hold program instructions and data*

DDR*4*

*reduces energy required to run portable devices* / servers

clock speed

*series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time* - often measured in *gigahertz (GHz)*: billions of cycles per second - many of today's computers operate in the *1 to 4 GHz range*

(Hardware independence) Application Program Interface (API):

*set of programming instructions/ standards for one software program to access & use the services of another software program*

Desktop computers are:

*single-user computer systems that are highly versatile*

Hardware *independence* allows:

*software development w/out concern for specific underlying hardware*

virtual tape

*storage device for less frequently needed data*

Solid State Storage Device (SSD)

*stores data in MEMORY CHIPS* (rather than magnetic or optical media)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

*temporary and volatile*

Scalability

*the ability to increase the PROCESSING CAPABILITY*; - *handle more users, data, or transactions*

*multi*processing

*the simultaneous execution of 2 or more instructions at the same time* - one form uses coprocessors

Desired characteristics Input devices: Output devices:

- (input devices) allow *accurate /rapid entry* - (output devices) produce *timely results*

3 Central Processing Unit (CPU) components:

- *Arithmetic/logic unit* - *Control unit* - *Register areas* CPU = *sequences /executes instructions*

Factors driving growth in data centers:

- *Demand for additional computing capacity* - *Need for additional storage capacity* - Some organizations are consolidating data centers from many locations down to just a few locations

Common *Hardware Functions*:

- *Get input from keyboard* or another input device - *Retrieve data from disks* - *Store data on disks* - *Display info on a monitor* or printer

3 types of systems software:

- *Operating* systems - *Utility* programs - *Middleware*

Goals of green computing:

- *Reduce use of hazardous material* - *lower companies power-related costs* - *Enable safe disposal or recycling of equipment*

forms of *enterprise storage* (what adit didn't know):

- *Storage Area Networks (SANs)* - *Cloud Computing Storage*

advantages of a Solid State Storage Device (SSD)

- *requires less power and provide faster access than magnetic data storage devices* - have *no moving parts*, so they are *less fragile* than hard disk drives

3D Printers

- 3D technology *takes a three-dimensional model of an object* stored on a computer and *sends it to a 3D printer to create the object using strands of a plastic filament or synthetic powder* - Commonly used by *aerospace firms, auto manufacturers, and other design-intensive companies*

Storage as a Service

- A *data storage model where a data storage service provider rents space to individuals and organizations* - Rented data storage is accessed via the Internet

User Interface and Input/Output Management

- A *user interface allows individuals to access/ interact with the computer system* - A *command-based user interface requires text commands*

Cloud-based storage services

- Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud, Apple iCloud, Dropbox, Google Drive, Microsoft SkyDrive, and Mozy - Amazon's Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) allows subscribers to upload, store, and download data

Common types of *optical storage devices*:

- Compact Disc Read-only Memory (CD-ROM) - Digital Video Disc (DVD) - blu-ray high-definition video disk - DNA data storage: experimental at this time

functions performed by the OS (Operating system):

- Control common computer hardware functions - Provide a user interface and input/output management - Provide a degree of hardware independence - Manage system memory - Manage processing tasks - Provide networking capability - Control access to system resources - Manage files

other forms of RAM:

- DDR SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM

SANs (Storage Area Networks) can provide capabilities such as:

- Disk mirroring - Data backup and restore - Data archiving - Data migration - Sharing data among other devices

*Hardware components include devices that perform:*

- Input - Processing - Data storage - Output

Laptops, Notebooks, and Tablets

- Laptops are *designed for use by mobile users* - Notebooks and ultrabooks are *smaller than laptops* - Tablet computers are *portable, lightweight computers with or without a keyboard*

3 common forms of secondary data:

- Magnetic - Optical - Solid state

Construction Considerations (Data center) More efficient operation and reduced energy for processing and cooling:

- Modular design - Location: areas with milder climates and lower energy rates and land costs

Combinations of OSs, computers, and users:

- Single computer with a single user - Single computer with multiple simultaneous users - Multiple computers with multiple users - Special-purpose computers

Other Input Devices:

- Speech-Recognition Technology - Motion-Sensing Input Devices - Scanning Devices - Optical Data Readers - Magnetic Ink Character - Recognition (MICR) Devices - Magnetic Stripe Cards - Chip Cards - Smart Cards - Contactless Payment Cards - Point-of-Sale (POS) Devices - Automated Teller Machine (ATM) - Devices - Bar-Code Scanners - Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Devices - Pen Input Devices - Touch Screens

magnetic tape

- a type of *sequential secondary storage medium* - *primarily for storing backups* of critical organizational data

System software

- includes *operating system (OS)* - *utilities* - *middleware* that coordinate the activities / functions of the hardware and other programs

advantages over memory

- non volatility - greater capacity - greater economy

3 Types of Ram

1. *Static Random Access Memory* (SRAM) 2. *Dynamic Random Access Memory* (DRAM) 3. *Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory* (DDR SRDAM)

Software can be divided into 2 types:

1. *System* software 2. *Application* software

2 major groups of *general-purpose computers*:

1. *single-user* computers 2. *multiple-user* computers

Printers and Plotters *2 main types of printers:*

1. laser 2. inkjet

data center

A *climate-and-access-controlled building* or a *set of buildings that houses the computer hardware that delivers an organization's data and information services*

Storage Area Network (SAN)

A *high-speed, special-purpose network integrating different types of data storage devices into a single storage system* and connects that to computing resources across an entire organization

Green computing

A *program concerned with the efficient & environmentally-responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related products*

Operating systems

A *set of programs that controls computer hardware* / *acts as an interface with application programs*

server

A computer employed by *many users to perform a specific task*, such as running network or Internet applications; usually has special features that make it more suitable for operating in a multiuser environment

Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT)

A system that enables purchasers to evaluate, compare, and select electronic products *based on a total of 51 environmental criteria*

Input and output devices:

Allow the user to *provide data and instructions to the computer* and to *receive results from it*; are part of a computer's user interface

Smartphones

Allow users to *place calls, download and run apps, send and receive text messages and email, view documents and files, take and send photos and videos, get driving directions via GPS, browse Web sites, and create playlists of digital tunes* (iPhone)

multitasking

Allows *more than one program to run concurrently*

What are the # of bytes in each: Byte (B) Kilobyte (KB) Megabyte (MB) Gigabyte (GB) Terabyte (TB) Petabyte (PB) Exabyte (EB) Zettabyte (ZB) Yottabyte (YB)

Byte (B) = 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1,000 Megabyte (MB) = 1,000^2 Gigabyte (GB) = 1,000^3 Terabyte (TB) = 1,000^4 Petabyte (PB) = 1,000^5 Exabyte (EB) = 1,000^6 Zettabyte (ZB) = 1,000^7 Yottabyte (YB) = 1,000^8

Software

Consists of *computer programs that control the workings of hardware*

Workgroup sphere of influence

Helps workgroup members *attain their common goals*

*Personal* sphere of influence

Serves the needs *of an individual user*

Enterprise sphere of influence

Serves the needs of the firm in its interaction with its environment

parallel computing

The *simultaneous execution of same task on multiple processors*

(User Interface and Input/Output Management) *A graphical user interface (GUI)*

The *user interacts with icons/ menus to send commands to the computer system*

grid computing

The use of a *collection of computers that work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem*

virtual server

a method of *logically dividing the resources of a single physical server to create multiple logical servers* - Each logical server acts as its own dedicated machine

virtualization

an approach to improving hardware utilization by *logically dividing the resources of a single physical server to create multiple logical servers*

*Mobile computers* are small enough to ________ _________

carry easily

What is the *basic anatomy of a computer* (4 components):

computer hardware components include: - *Processor (aka CPU)* - *Memory* - *Address/data bus* - *Input/output devices*

Application software

programs that *help users solve particular computing problems*

Organizations should keep their business goals in mind when:

selecting input and output devices

massively parallel processing systems

systems with *thousands of processors* - links 100s or 1000s of processors to operate at same time

Sphere of influence:

the *SCOPE of problems /opportunities addressed by a particular organization*

Kernel

the *heart of the operating system; CONTROLS the MOST CRITICAL PROCESSES of the OS*; TIES all of the OS components together and regulates other programs

Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)

used for *high-speed registers and caches*

Dynamic Random Access *Memory* (DRAM)

used for *main memory*

Display Screens

used to *show output from the computer*