Chapter 2
Define FASD.
- A cluster of abnormalities and problems that appears in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy.
Describe the 25 pound weight distribution of pregnancy.
-11 pounds = fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid. -5 pounds= maternal stores -4 pounds = increased blood volume -3 pounds = tissue fluid -2 pounds= uterus and breasts
How much weight are yoiu supposed to gain in the first trimester?
-2 to 4.4 pounds
What is the average maternal weight gain?
-25-35 pounds
What should an expecting mother eat?
-3 meals per day -nutritious snacks (fruit, cheese, milk, etc..) -Water(64-80 oz)
What percent of US women use meth during pregnancy?
-5%
On average, how large is a baby American?
-7.5 pounds -20 inches long
Define critical period.
-A fixed time period very early n development during which certain experiences or events can have a long lasting effect on development.
What is low birth rate linked to?
-A variety of health and developmental problems.
What are two harmful age groups to have babies during?
-Adolescence -35 plus
Define postpartum
-After birth
What are two birth defects related to a failure of the neural tube to to close?
-Anencephaly -Spina bifida
What are some prescription drugs that can function as teratogens?
-Anti depressants -Hormones -Accutane
What happens from the fifth to the eighth week after conception?
-Arms and legs differentiate further -Face starts to form, but is still not very recognizable -The intestinal tract develops -Facial structures start forming
How can pregnant women precent neural tube defects?
-By taking adequate amounts of the B vitamin folic acid
Define placenta
-Consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine and don't join
Define umbilical cord
-Contains two arteries and one vein, and connects the abby to the placenta
What is marijuana during pregnancy linked to?
-Deficits in memory and information processing. -Lower intelligence
Define psychoactive drugs.
-Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
What do teratogens include?
-Drugs, incompatible blood types, environmental pollutants, infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal stress, advanced maternal and paternal age, and environmental pollutants.
What are the three parts to the embryonic period?
-Endoderm -Mesoderm -Ectoderm
What happens 21 days after conception?
-Eyes begin to appear
What happens during the last two months of prenatal development?
-Fatty tissues develop -Functioning of various organ systems step up (heart and kidneys)
What does FASD stand for?
-Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
What period(s) occur in the third trimester?
-Fetal period
What period is in the second trimester?
-Fetal period -Viability occurs at the end
What happens by the end of the fourth month of pregnancy?
-Fetus has grown to 6 inches -Weighs 4 to 7 ounces -Mother can feel arm and leg movements
What happens by the end of the fifth month of pregnancy?
-Fetus is 12 inches long -Fetus weighs close to 1 pound -Structures of the skin have formed (fingernails and toenails) -Fetus shows a preference in a particular position
What happens by the end of the sixth month of pregnancy?
-Fetus is 14 inches long and gained another half a pound -Eyes and eyelids are completely formed -Fine layer of hair covers the head -Grasping reflex is present -Irregular breathing movements occur
What happens by the end of the seventh month of pregnancy?
-Fetus is about 16 inches long -Weighs about 3 pounds
What happens three months after conception?
-Fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 3 ounces -Becomes active (moves arms and legs, opening and closing it's mouth and moves it's head) -The face, forehead, eyelids, nose and chin are distinguishable, along with the arms, hands, and lower limbs -Genitals can be identified as females or males
Why do you gain weight in the third trimester?
-Fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid
Define neurogenesis
-Formation of new neurons
Describe the neural tube
-Forms about 18-24 days after conception -Pear-shaped -Closes at the top and bottom -Develops out of the ectoderm
Define teratogen
-From the Greek word tera, meaning "monster," any agent that can potentially cause a physical birth defect. The field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects is called teratology.
Describe rubella during pregnancy.
-German measles -Causes prenatal defects -Most damage occurs if infected during the third or fourth weeks of pregnancy.
What periods are in the first trimester?
-Germinal and embryonic periods
What does viable mean?
-Has a chance of surviving outside the womb
Why do you gain weight in the second trimester?
-Increased blood volume -Enlargement of breasts, uterus, and associated tissue and fluid -The deposit of maternal fat
What does maternal obesity?
-Increased rates of hypertension, diabetes, respiratory complications, infections in the mother -Higher incidents of neural tube defects, preterm deliveries, and late fetal deaths.
Define neural migration
-Involves cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations and creating the different levels, structures, and regions of the brain -Occurs about 6-24 weeks after conception
Can large molecules pass through the placenta wall?
-No
Define trimesters
-Prenatal development divided into three equal periods
Describe prenatal classes during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
-Preparing for the birth -Infant care and feeding -Choices about birth -Postpartum self care
What does exercising during pregnancy help?
-Prevents constipation -Conditions the body -Associated with positive mental state
Define organogenesis
-Process of organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development
What is cocaine during pregnancy linked to?
-Reduced birth weight, health, and head circumference. -Less effective self regulation, higher excitability, and lower quality of reflexes, impaired motor development, slower growth rate, and other defects.
Describe syphilis during pregnancy.
-STI -Most damaging during the last months of pregnancy. -Damage includes eye lesions and skin lesions
What is heroin during pregnancy linked to?
-Several behavioral difficulties at birth.
Define implantation
-The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall -Takes place 10-14 days after conception
What happens 24 days after conception?
-The cells for the heart begin to differentiate
What happens around six months of pregnancy?
-The fetus has a chance of surviving outside the womb
What does anencephaly result in?
-The highest regions of the brain fail to develop -Most die in the womb, during childbirth, or shortly after childbirth
Define endoderm
-The inner layer of cells, which develops into digestive and respiratory systems
Define blastocyst
-The inner mass of cells that develops during the germinal period. These cells later develop into the embryo
Define amnion
-The life-support system that is a thin bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats
Define mesoderm
-The middle layer of cells, which becomes the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive systems.
What happens in the third week after conception?
-The neural tube (that eventually becomes the spinal cord) forms.
Define trophoblast
-The outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period. These cells later provide nutrition and support for the embryo
Define ectoderm
-The outermost layer of cells, which becomes the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors (ears, nose, and eyes, for example) and skin parts (hair and nails, for example)
Define embryonic period
-The period of prenatal development that occurs two to eight weeks after conception. During the embryonic period, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear.
Define germinal period
-The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception. It includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
Define the fetal period
-The prenatal period of development that begins two months after conception and lasts for seven months, on the average -Growth and development continue their dramatic course during this time
Define neurons
-The term for nerve cells, which handle information processing at the cellular level
What happens during the fourth week after conception?
-The urogenital system becomes apparent -Arm and leg buds emerge -Four chambers of the heart take shape -Blood vessels appear
Why do some US women receive inadequate prenatal care?
-Tied to the health care system -Provider practices -Their own individual and social characteristics
What are heroin withdraw symptoms from a baby whose mother did heroin?
-Tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control.
True or false: By the time more women know they are pregnant, the major organs have begun to form.
-True
What does spina bifida result in?
-Varying degrees of paralysis of the lower limbs -Need assistive devices (crutches, braces, wheelchairs)
What happens at eight weeks after conception?
-Weights about 1/30 ounce -Just over 1 inch long
Should pregnant women consult there doctor before exercising?
-Yes
How can a mother infect her offspring with AIDS? (3 ways)
1. During gestation across the placenta 2. During delivery through contact with maternal blood or fluids 3. Postpartum (after birth) through breast feeding
What happens to babies who are born to HIV-infected mothers?
1. Infected and symptomatic 2. Infected and asymptomatic 3. Not infected at all
