Chapter 2 Key Terms

a joint operational policing resource found in the United States, often at the state level, that acts as a coordination point for criminal and terrorism-related threats

fusion center

legislation that mandates a person to provide encryption keys or passwords to law enforcement for digital forensic investigation

key disclose laws

civil and criminal responsibility for a behavior or specific activity

liable

a colloquial term used to reference the working relationships between the Australian, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and US governments, particularly as relates to intelligence collection and analysis

Five Eyes

A UK-based political consulting company that was involved in a data acquisition and misuse scandal involving Facebook and various political operative in the UK and US

Cambridge Analytica

the Canadian military entity engaged in proactive network attack and defense

Communications Security Establishment (CSE)

an agency that serves as a coordinating point for responses to major network emergencies

Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs)

A nonprofit organization operating to assist victims of cybercrimes both in the United States and internationally

Cyber Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI)

A Singapore-based government agency proactively engaged in the attack and defense of government agencies online

Cyber Security Agency (CSA)

UK national criminal justice agency that has both national and international reach and works in partnerships with law enforcement organizations to particularly focus on serious and organized crime

National Crime Agency

The UK-based national police unit tasked with investigating and combatting homegrown acts of terror and extremism within England and Wale

National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit

law enforcement agencies that respond to and investigate incidents that cut across state or other internal territorial boundaries

National Police Forces

An NSA-implemented program beginning in 2007 to collect email and other electronic communications data of all sorts,

PRISM Program

means it must be more likely than not that the accused in fact committed whatever acts they are accused of

Preponderance of evidence

an international organization founded in 1998 to track the activities of email spammers and spam campaigns broadly

Spamhaus

the violation of a law in which a crime is committed against the state, society, as a whole, or a member of society

criminal offense

term used to refer to the standard of proof needed in US criminal courts to show that a person on trial committed a crime

beyond a reasonable doubt

a noncriminal offense, usually a dispute between private parties

civil offense