Chapter 2 - Nutrition (Exam 1)
disclaimer
A ______ is a statement that modifies a claim or denies responsibility for it
correlation
A ______ occurs when two variables change over the same period
clinical dietitian
A _______ helps evaluate the health status of a patient and determines the patient's dietary deficiencies and needs
registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)
A _______ or _______ is a college-trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics
food, nutrition
A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RND) is a health care professional who is "a _____ and _____ expert"
in vivo
An experiment that uses whole living organisms, such as mice, is called an ______ experiment
conflicting
As a result of _______ results generated by nutrition studies, some people may mistrust the scientific community and think nutrition scientists don't know what they're doing
observations, hypotheses, scientific literature, studies, tests, data, conclusions, results, research, findings
Basic Steps of Scientific Method 1. Make ______ that generate questions 2. Formulate ____ to explain events 3. Review current ___ ____ that relate to the questions 4. Design ____, perform ___, and collect ___ 5. Analyze data and draw _____ based on the results 6. Share ____ with peers (report findings) 7. Conduct more _____, the results of which may confirm/refute previous _____
side effects
Be wary of any source of info that fails to mention the possible ________ of using a dietary supplement or nutrition-related treatment
peer review
Before articles are accepted for publication, they undergo _____
illness
By analyzing the results of case-control studies, researchers identify factors that may have been responsible for the _____
quick, easy, true, scare, attacks, testimonials, risks, terms, vague, pseudoscience, disclaimers
Common Red Flags: 1. Promises of ____ and ____ remedies 2. Claims that sound too good to be _____ 3. _____ tactics 4. _____ on conventional scientists and nutrition experts 5. _______ and anecdotes 6. Promotes benefits while overlooking _____ 7. Vague, meaningless, or scientific-sounding ______ 8. _____ sources 9. _________ 10.
expectations
Concealing group membership is important during the course of an experiment, because both researchers and subject's may try to predict group assignments based on their _______
designed
Consumers need to realize that conflicting findings often results from differences in the ways various studies are _______
expectations
Disclaimers are often clues that the product may not live up to consumers' _______ or the manufacturer's claims
.com .org
Do not use sites for nutrition that end in ____ and _____
reliable
Don't assume all nutrition info in the media is ______
pellagra
Dry skin and scaly skin sores are characteristic signs of _____
surveys
Epidemiologists can obtain useful info concerning a population's typical dietary practices by conducting _____ of large numbers of people
physical examinations, surveys
Epidemiologists often use ______ and later ______ of people to obtain health data
physiological, psychological
Even though a placebo contains inert ingredients, it may produce beneficial ______ and _____ changes, particularly in conditions that involve pain/depression
response
Giving placebos to members of the control group enables scientists to compare the extent of the treatment's ______ with that of the placebo
control group
Having a _______ enables scientists to compare results between the two study groups to determine whether the treatment had any effect
scientific literature
Health care professionals should refer to peer-reviewed _______ when searching for nutrition-related info
16
How many minerals are known to be required in the diet of human beings?
double blind
Human experimental studies are usually ______
control
If researchers design an experiment in which they fail to ______ variables that aren't being tested, then their findings are likely to be unclear, inaccurate, or questionable
missing
If something is ____ in diets, a nutrient deficiency disease can occur
popular press
If the info is simplistic and sensational, such as a finding that drinking green tea can result in weight loss, its more likely to be reported in the _________
positive
If the patient believes a medical treatment will improve his/her health, the patient is more likely to report ______ results for the therapy
prospective
In a _____ cohort study, a group of initially healthy people are followed over a time period and any diseases that eventually develop are recorded
cohort
In a _____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of info about a large group of people over time
retrospective
In a ________ cohort study, researchers collect info about a group's past exposures and identify current health outcomes
nutritionist
In some states, people can refer to themselves as a "_______" regardless of their education/training
intuition, common sense, tradition
In the past, nutrition facts and dietary practices were often based on ______, _______, "conventional wisdom" ______, or anecdotes
cohort
In what type of study are the scientists are interested in making associations b/t exposure to a specific factor and the subsequent development of health conditions?
compare
Its important to search for info in more than one journal and _____ research designs and results
physiological
Researchers must be careful when applying the results of in vivo animal studies to people b/c of the _______ differences b/t humans and other animals
NHANES
Researchers use the findings from the _______ to assess nutritional status of the population and determine the prevalence of major diseases and risk factors for diseases
methods
Scientists ask questions about the natural world and follow generally accepted, standardized _____ to obtain evidence - based answers to these questions
support
Scientists can have difficulties gaining the _____ of their colleagues for unusual ideas/solutions to problems
biases
Scientists expect other researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and ______ (points of view) when selecting participants for studies and collecting and analyzing data
exposures, diseases
Scientists then try to identify links b/t ______ and ______ that occurred b/t the beginning and end of the study period during a prospective cohort study
influence
Scientists who want to determine the effect or effects of a single variable need to control the _______ of other variables
bachelors, supervised practice, exam, education
Steps to becoming a Registered Dietitian/Nutritionist 1. earn a ____ degree in an approved college/university 2. student must complete a ______ program 3. pass the national registration ______ to become certified 4. fulfill continuing ______ requirements to maintain certification
placebo effect
Subjects may report positive/negative reactions to a treatment even though they received the placebo which is known as _____
not
Subjects should ___ be able to figure out their group assignment while researchers are collecting info from them
past lifestyle
Surveys rely on people remembering details about their ____ ______ practices, which can be inaccurate/incomplete
can, can't
The FDA ___ regulate nutrition and health related claims, but the agency _____ prevent the spread of health and nutrition misinformation published
interview
The NHANES ______ includes dietary, health-related, demographic questions
interviews, physical examinations
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) combines _____ & _______
health, nutritional
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has provided info about the _____ and ______ status of adults & children in the US
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
The ____________ is the federal government agency that protects consumers against "unfair and deceptive acts or practices" by the businesses in the US
treatment
The animal welfare act of 1966 is the only fed. Law that regulates the ______ of animals in research
studies
The findings obtained by one research team must be supported by those generated in other _____ - causes them to be more likely accepted
ask questions, look for red flags, use internet wisely
To know if the information you're looking for is correct follow these steps: 1. 2. 3.
epidemiological
To understand why these differences exist of rates of chronic diseases and causes of death among various human populations, medical researchers rely on the findings of ________ studies
true
True/False? It takes many years before a scientific discovery becomes widely accepted by other experts in the nutrition field
direct or positive
Type of correlation in which two variables change in the same direction; increasing
.gov
Use sites for nutrition that end in _____
coincidence
What appears to be a correlation b/t a behavior and an outcome could be a _______, not an indication of a cause and effect relationship b/t 2 variables
Framingham Heart Study
What is one of the most well-known prospective studies
health on the net
What is the nonprofit organization that promotes the reliability of health info on the internet
confounder
What is this an example of: Studying effects of alcohol on bone health and deciding alcohol does increase risk for osteoporosis, but many people who drink alcohol smoke so scientists have to adjust their results for their study population's use of tobacco
correlation (positive)
What is this an example of: When a population's intake of sugar soft drinks increases the percentage of overweight people in the population increases too
inverse or negative correlation
What is this an example of: The relationship b/t fruit intake and hypertension; as a population's fruit consumption increases, the percentage of people with hypertension decreases
iron
What mineral is added in the enrichment process of refined flours?
retrospective, prospective
cohort studies can be ______ or _____
treatment (experimental) group
in a controlled study, group that receives treatment
opposite
in an inverse/neg. correlation variables change in _____ directions
cells, components derived from living organisms
in vitro experiments use
living organisms
in vivo experiments use
research
nutrition experts base dietary recommendations on the results of scientific ______
national health and nutrition examination survey
what does NHANES stand for
black tongue
what is a condition in dogs that was similar to pellagra?
promotes benefits while overlooking risks
what red flag is this an example of? "All-natural supplement boosts your metabolism naturally, so it won't harm your system"
vague sources
what red flag is this an example of? "Clinical research performed at a major university proves this revolutionary new dietary supplement cures diabetes"
scare tactics
what red flag is this an example of? "Dairy products cause cancer"
testimonials and anecdotes
what red flag is this an example of? "I lost 50 pounds in 30 days using this product"
pseudoscience
what red flag is this an example of? "Learn how to combine certain foods based on your blood type"
disclaimers
what red flag is this an example of? "Lose 30lbs in 30 days" - ______ in small print states "results not typical"
attacks on conventional scientists and nutrition experts
what red flag is this an example of? "Medical researchers don't want you to know the facts"
vague, meaningless, or scientific sounding terms
what red flag is this an example of? "Our all-natural, scientifically tested, patented, chelated dietary supplement detoxifies your liver fast"
claims that sound too good to be true
what red flag is this an example of? "Our all-natural product blocks fat and calories from being absorbed, so you can eat everything you like and still lose weight"
variable
A _____ is a factor, such as environment, that can change and influence an outcome
hypothesis
A _____ is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research
retrospective
What type of cohort study is this an example of? Examining whether a group of people who had stomach cancer consumed more charcoal-broiled meat in the past that a group of people w/ similar characteristic who don't have stomach cancer
experiment
an _____ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis
causation
epidemiological studies cannot establish ______
diet
goldberger found pellagra was associated w/ ___
case-control
in a ____ study, individuals with a health condition such as heart disease or breast cancer are matched to persons w/ similar characteristics who do not have the condition
control group
in a controlled study, group that does not receive treatment
fake treatment
placebo = _______
mimics
placebo _____ treatment
sugar pills
placebos are not just ______ they are a fake treatment
placebo
subjects in the control group are given a _____
scientific methods
the pellagra event showed how researchers use ________ to solve medical mysteries relating to nutrition
evolving
the science of nutrition is constantly _______
promises of quick and easy remedies
what red flag is this an example of? "Our product helps you lose weight without exercising/dieting"
double blind
what type of experiment is where neither the investigators nor the subjects are aware of the subjects' group assignments
PubMed
what website provides abstracts of and links to full-text articles about various medical conditions?
causation
whether a specific practice is responsible for an event
biases
Personal _____ can result in faulty findings or results that can't be generalized to larger populations
symbol
Look for the Health on the Net _____ at the bottom of the main page of the website - nonprofit organization that promotes the reliability of health info on the internet
outcome
Many variables can influence the ______ of an experimental study
national standards
Medical experts also use the NHANES findings to establish _________ for assessing height, weight, & blood pressure
case control, cohort
Most nutrition research involving human subjects is observational and involves either ______ study or _____ study designs
scientific method
Most nutrition-related research involving humans incorporates the steps of the ______
in vitro
Nutrition researchers also perform controlled lab experiments on cells or other components derived from livings organisms - ______ experiments
statistical
Nutrition researchers use a variety of _____ methods to analyze data (info) collected from observations and experiments
close
Pellagra occurred when people lived in ____ quarters such as prisoners and orphanages
infectious
Pellagra was not ____ b/c people were not given them if shared food/saliva
legal definitions
People can not always rely on someone who refers to himself/herself as a "nutrition expert" or "nutritionalist" for reliable info because there are no standard __________ for these descriptors
did not
People who (did/did not) develop pellagra had better diets and income
placebo effect
People who use unconventional medical therapies (herbal products) often report that the products & treatments are effective, these personal reports (anecdotes) may be examples of the _______
TV, online news broadcast
What sources provide very little info concerning the way the study was conducted or how the data were collected and analyzed
confounders
When analyzing their results, scientists must also consider the effects of _______ on their results
confused, disappointed
When consumers become aware of conflicting results generated by nutrition studies (i.e one day a study says chocolate is good and a month later says its not), they often become _______ & _______
niacin
___ was effective in treating pellagra
anecdotes
____ are personal reports concerting a treatment's effectiveness
surveys
____ question people about their personal & family medical histories, diets, environmental exposures, health practices, and attitudes
retrospective
_____ = to look back in time
prospective
_____ = to look forward in time
inverse or negative
_____ or _____ correlation occurs when one variable increases and the other decreases
avoid
_____ sites that provide online diagnoses and treatments
testimonials
______ are personal endorsements of a product, people usually receive payment for their endorsements
peer review
______ is critical analysis of an article about a study submitted to a journal that is conducted by a group of investigators who were not part of the study but are experts involved in related research
dietetics
______ is the application of nutrition and food info to achieve and maintain optimal health, and to treat many health-related conditions
epidemiology
______ is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations
free living
______ subjects are able to participate in studies without experiencing much disruption to their usual routines
demographics
_______ are characteristics of a particular population that might affect health such as income, age, education level
confounders
_______ are factors that were not being studied but could have influenced the outcomes of the research
scare tactics
_______ are sensational, frightening, false or misleading statements about a food, dietary practice, or health condition
random assignment
_______ helps ensure that the members of the treatment and control groups have similar variables, such as age, etc.
pseudoscience
_______ is the presentation of info masquerading as factual and scientific
dietitians
_______ plan dietary treatments (interventions), as well as appropriate and nutritious meals for hospitalized patients
clinical dietitians
________ can work as members of medical teams that include other health professionals (doctor, nurse, etc.)
