Chapter 2 - Nutrition (Exam 1)

disclaimer

A ______ is a statement that modifies a claim or denies responsibility for it

correlation

A ______ occurs when two variables change over the same period

clinical dietitian

A _______ helps evaluate the health status of a patient and determines the patient's dietary deficiencies and needs

registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)

A _______ or _______ is a college-trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics

food, nutrition

A registered dietitian (RD) or registered dietitian nutritionist (RND) is a health care professional who is "a _____ and _____ expert"

in vivo

An experiment that uses whole living organisms, such as mice, is called an ______ experiment

conflicting

As a result of _______ results generated by nutrition studies, some people may mistrust the scientific community and think nutrition scientists don't know what they're doing

observations, hypotheses, scientific literature, studies, tests, data, conclusions, results, research, findings

Basic Steps of Scientific Method 1. Make ______ that generate questions 2. Formulate ____ to explain events 3. Review current ___ ____ that relate to the questions 4. Design ____, perform ___, and collect ___ 5. Analyze data and draw _____ based on the results 6. Share ____ with peers (report findings) 7. Conduct more _____, the results of which may confirm/refute previous _____

side effects

Be wary of any source of info that fails to mention the possible ________ of using a dietary supplement or nutrition-related treatment

peer review

Before articles are accepted for publication, they undergo _____

illness

By analyzing the results of case-control studies, researchers identify factors that may have been responsible for the _____

quick, easy, true, scare, attacks, testimonials, risks, terms, vague, pseudoscience, disclaimers

Common Red Flags: 1. Promises of ____ and ____ remedies 2. Claims that sound too good to be _____ 3. _____ tactics 4. _____ on conventional scientists and nutrition experts 5. _______ and anecdotes 6. Promotes benefits while overlooking _____ 7. Vague, meaningless, or scientific-sounding ______ 8. _____ sources 9. _________ 10.

expectations

Concealing group membership is important during the course of an experiment, because both researchers and subject's may try to predict group assignments based on their _______

designed

Consumers need to realize that conflicting findings often results from differences in the ways various studies are _______

expectations

Disclaimers are often clues that the product may not live up to consumers' _______ or the manufacturer's claims

.com .org

Do not use sites for nutrition that end in ____ and _____

reliable

Don't assume all nutrition info in the media is ______

pellagra

Dry skin and scaly skin sores are characteristic signs of _____

surveys

Epidemiologists can obtain useful info concerning a population's typical dietary practices by conducting _____ of large numbers of people

physical examinations, surveys

Epidemiologists often use ______ and later ______ of people to obtain health data

physiological, psychological

Even though a placebo contains inert ingredients, it may produce beneficial ______ and _____ changes, particularly in conditions that involve pain/depression

response

Giving placebos to members of the control group enables scientists to compare the extent of the treatment's ______ with that of the placebo

control group

Having a _______ enables scientists to compare results between the two study groups to determine whether the treatment had any effect

scientific literature

Health care professionals should refer to peer-reviewed _______ when searching for nutrition-related info

16

How many minerals are known to be required in the diet of human beings?

double blind

Human experimental studies are usually ______

control

If researchers design an experiment in which they fail to ______ variables that aren't being tested, then their findings are likely to be unclear, inaccurate, or questionable

missing

If something is ____ in diets, a nutrient deficiency disease can occur

popular press

If the info is simplistic and sensational, such as a finding that drinking green tea can result in weight loss, its more likely to be reported in the _________

positive

If the patient believes a medical treatment will improve his/her health, the patient is more likely to report ______ results for the therapy

prospective

In a _____ cohort study, a group of initially healthy people are followed over a time period and any diseases that eventually develop are recorded

cohort

In a _____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of info about a large group of people over time

retrospective

In a ________ cohort study, researchers collect info about a group's past exposures and identify current health outcomes

nutritionist

In some states, people can refer to themselves as a "_______" regardless of their education/training

intuition, common sense, tradition

In the past, nutrition facts and dietary practices were often based on ______, _______, "conventional wisdom" ______, or anecdotes

cohort

In what type of study are the scientists are interested in making associations b/t exposure to a specific factor and the subsequent development of health conditions?

compare

Its important to search for info in more than one journal and _____ research designs and results

physiological

Researchers must be careful when applying the results of in vivo animal studies to people b/c of the _______ differences b/t humans and other animals

NHANES

Researchers use the findings from the _______ to assess nutritional status of the population and determine the prevalence of major diseases and risk factors for diseases

methods

Scientists ask questions about the natural world and follow generally accepted, standardized _____ to obtain evidence - based answers to these questions

support

Scientists can have difficulties gaining the _____ of their colleagues for unusual ideas/solutions to problems

biases

Scientists expect other researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and ______ (points of view) when selecting participants for studies and collecting and analyzing data

exposures, diseases

Scientists then try to identify links b/t ______ and ______ that occurred b/t the beginning and end of the study period during a prospective cohort study

influence

Scientists who want to determine the effect or effects of a single variable need to control the _______ of other variables

bachelors, supervised practice, exam, education

Steps to becoming a Registered Dietitian/Nutritionist 1. earn a ____ degree in an approved college/university 2. student must complete a ______ program 3. pass the national registration ______ to become certified 4. fulfill continuing ______ requirements to maintain certification

placebo effect

Subjects may report positive/negative reactions to a treatment even though they received the placebo which is known as _____

not

Subjects should ___ be able to figure out their group assignment while researchers are collecting info from them

past lifestyle

Surveys rely on people remembering details about their ____ ______ practices, which can be inaccurate/incomplete

can, can't

The FDA ___ regulate nutrition and health related claims, but the agency _____ prevent the spread of health and nutrition misinformation published

interview

The NHANES ______ includes dietary, health-related, demographic questions

interviews, physical examinations

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) combines _____ & _______

health, nutritional

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has provided info about the _____ and ______ status of adults & children in the US

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

The ____________ is the federal government agency that protects consumers against "unfair and deceptive acts or practices" by the businesses in the US

treatment

The animal welfare act of 1966 is the only fed. Law that regulates the ______ of animals in research

studies

The findings obtained by one research team must be supported by those generated in other _____ - causes them to be more likely accepted

ask questions, look for red flags, use internet wisely

To know if the information you're looking for is correct follow these steps: 1. 2. 3.

epidemiological

To understand why these differences exist of rates of chronic diseases and causes of death among various human populations, medical researchers rely on the findings of ________ studies

true

True/False? It takes many years before a scientific discovery becomes widely accepted by other experts in the nutrition field

direct or positive

Type of correlation in which two variables change in the same direction; increasing

.gov

Use sites for nutrition that end in _____

coincidence

What appears to be a correlation b/t a behavior and an outcome could be a _______, not an indication of a cause and effect relationship b/t 2 variables

Framingham Heart Study

What is one of the most well-known prospective studies

health on the net

What is the nonprofit organization that promotes the reliability of health info on the internet

confounder

What is this an example of: Studying effects of alcohol on bone health and deciding alcohol does increase risk for osteoporosis, but many people who drink alcohol smoke so scientists have to adjust their results for their study population's use of tobacco

correlation (positive)

What is this an example of: When a population's intake of sugar soft drinks increases the percentage of overweight people in the population increases too

inverse or negative correlation

What is this an example of: The relationship b/t fruit intake and hypertension; as a population's fruit consumption increases, the percentage of people with hypertension decreases

iron

What mineral is added in the enrichment process of refined flours?

retrospective, prospective

cohort studies can be ______ or _____

treatment (experimental) group

in a controlled study, group that receives treatment

opposite

in an inverse/neg. correlation variables change in _____ directions

cells, components derived from living organisms

in vitro experiments use

living organisms

in vivo experiments use

research

nutrition experts base dietary recommendations on the results of scientific ______

national health and nutrition examination survey

what does NHANES stand for

black tongue

what is a condition in dogs that was similar to pellagra?

promotes benefits while overlooking risks

what red flag is this an example of? "All-natural supplement boosts your metabolism naturally, so it won't harm your system"

vague sources

what red flag is this an example of? "Clinical research performed at a major university proves this revolutionary new dietary supplement cures diabetes"

scare tactics

what red flag is this an example of? "Dairy products cause cancer"

testimonials and anecdotes

what red flag is this an example of? "I lost 50 pounds in 30 days using this product"

pseudoscience

what red flag is this an example of? "Learn how to combine certain foods based on your blood type"

disclaimers

what red flag is this an example of? "Lose 30lbs in 30 days" - ______ in small print states "results not typical"

attacks on conventional scientists and nutrition experts

what red flag is this an example of? "Medical researchers don't want you to know the facts"

vague, meaningless, or scientific sounding terms

what red flag is this an example of? "Our all-natural, scientifically tested, patented, chelated dietary supplement detoxifies your liver fast"

claims that sound too good to be true

what red flag is this an example of? "Our all-natural product blocks fat and calories from being absorbed, so you can eat everything you like and still lose weight"

variable

A _____ is a factor, such as environment, that can change and influence an outcome

hypothesis

A _____ is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research

retrospective

What type of cohort study is this an example of? Examining whether a group of people who had stomach cancer consumed more charcoal-broiled meat in the past that a group of people w/ similar characteristic who don't have stomach cancer

experiment

an _____ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis

causation

epidemiological studies cannot establish ______

diet

goldberger found pellagra was associated w/ ___

case-control

in a ____ study, individuals with a health condition such as heart disease or breast cancer are matched to persons w/ similar characteristics who do not have the condition

control group

in a controlled study, group that does not receive treatment

fake treatment

placebo = _______

mimics

placebo _____ treatment

sugar pills

placebos are not just ______ they are a fake treatment

placebo

subjects in the control group are given a _____

scientific methods

the pellagra event showed how researchers use ________ to solve medical mysteries relating to nutrition

evolving

the science of nutrition is constantly _______

promises of quick and easy remedies

what red flag is this an example of? "Our product helps you lose weight without exercising/dieting"

double blind

what type of experiment is where neither the investigators nor the subjects are aware of the subjects' group assignments

PubMed

what website provides abstracts of and links to full-text articles about various medical conditions?

causation

whether a specific practice is responsible for an event

biases

Personal _____ can result in faulty findings or results that can't be generalized to larger populations

symbol

Look for the Health on the Net _____ at the bottom of the main page of the website - nonprofit organization that promotes the reliability of health info on the internet

outcome

Many variables can influence the ______ of an experimental study

national standards

Medical experts also use the NHANES findings to establish _________ for assessing height, weight, & blood pressure

case control, cohort

Most nutrition research involving human subjects is observational and involves either ______ study or _____ study designs

scientific method

Most nutrition-related research involving humans incorporates the steps of the ______

in vitro

Nutrition researchers also perform controlled lab experiments on cells or other components derived from livings organisms - ______ experiments

statistical

Nutrition researchers use a variety of _____ methods to analyze data (info) collected from observations and experiments

close

Pellagra occurred when people lived in ____ quarters such as prisoners and orphanages

infectious

Pellagra was not ____ b/c people were not given them if shared food/saliva

legal definitions

People can not always rely on someone who refers to himself/herself as a "nutrition expert" or "nutritionalist" for reliable info because there are no standard __________ for these descriptors

did not

People who (did/did not) develop pellagra had better diets and income

placebo effect

People who use unconventional medical therapies (herbal products) often report that the products & treatments are effective, these personal reports (anecdotes) may be examples of the _______

TV, online news broadcast

What sources provide very little info concerning the way the study was conducted or how the data were collected and analyzed

confounders

When analyzing their results, scientists must also consider the effects of _______ on their results

confused, disappointed

When consumers become aware of conflicting results generated by nutrition studies (i.e one day a study says chocolate is good and a month later says its not), they often become _______ & _______

niacin

___ was effective in treating pellagra

anecdotes

____ are personal reports concerting a treatment's effectiveness

surveys

____ question people about their personal & family medical histories, diets, environmental exposures, health practices, and attitudes

retrospective

_____ = to look back in time

prospective

_____ = to look forward in time

inverse or negative

_____ or _____ correlation occurs when one variable increases and the other decreases

avoid

_____ sites that provide online diagnoses and treatments

testimonials

______ are personal endorsements of a product, people usually receive payment for their endorsements

peer review

______ is critical analysis of an article about a study submitted to a journal that is conducted by a group of investigators who were not part of the study but are experts involved in related research

dietetics

______ is the application of nutrition and food info to achieve and maintain optimal health, and to treat many health-related conditions

epidemiology

______ is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations

free living

______ subjects are able to participate in studies without experiencing much disruption to their usual routines

demographics

_______ are characteristics of a particular population that might affect health such as income, age, education level

confounders

_______ are factors that were not being studied but could have influenced the outcomes of the research

scare tactics

_______ are sensational, frightening, false or misleading statements about a food, dietary practice, or health condition

random assignment

_______ helps ensure that the members of the treatment and control groups have similar variables, such as age, etc.

pseudoscience

_______ is the presentation of info masquerading as factual and scientific

dietitians

_______ plan dietary treatments (interventions), as well as appropriate and nutritious meals for hospitalized patients

clinical dietitians

________ can work as members of medical teams that include other health professionals (doctor, nurse, etc.)