Chapter 2 Psy

Trephination is the ________.

procedure where a large hole is created in the forehead so that evil spirits can escape

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.5

Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________.

retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?

small sample size

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

Confounding variable

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

It is complex.

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

Longitudinal

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

Naturalistic observation

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

Reliability

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

Replication

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

Rodents

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

There is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer.

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

_______ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________.

the scientific method

A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).

two

Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.

Placebo effect

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

Peer reviewers ________.

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

is large and randomly selected

Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research?

whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

Independent variable

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head

Case study

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

Confirmation bias

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

Independent; dependent

Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants' responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ________.

Dependent variable

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that the participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a ________ study.

Double blind

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies