Chapter 2

The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin are distinguishable (BlANK) months after conception.

3

Which of the following statements are true of a doula?

A doula provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth. A doula is a caregiver.

What are the three basic types of drugs that are used for a typical labor with no complications

Anesthesia Analgesia Oxytocin/Pitocin

According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?

Bidirectional

All of the following are generally lower in individuals with FASD, EXCEPT

Blood pressure

Each of the following is more likely to be lower in children born to mothers who used marijuana during their pregnancy, EXCEPT:

Blood pressure

Which activities take place during the germinal period of prenatal development?

Cell division Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall Creation of the fertilized egg

What occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube?

Conception

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a:

Doula

In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the

First trimester

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following?

Genetic risk factors Mother's age Medical history

Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to which of the following?

Low birth weight Lower intelligence

Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus

Low birth weight Respiratory problems Cardiovascular problems

According to a large-scale study, pregnant women's caffeine intake was linked to which of the following in their offspring?

Lower birth rate

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?

Nicotine Marijuana Alcohol Caffeine

According to the U.S. surgeon general:

No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.

The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is

Not recommened

Which factors are considered teratogens?

Nutritional deficiencies Advanced paternal age Infectious disease drugs Maternal stress

The ______ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join

Placenta

The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the:

Placenta

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is:

Psychoactive drug

Which of the following can produce defects in offspring or cause damage during birth?

Rubella Genital herpes Syphilis

In general, prenatal care involves which activities

Setting up a defined schedule of visits for medical care Screening for manageable conditions Testing for treatable diseases

Which of the following can cross the placental wall?

Small molecules

Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who ______ during pregnancy.

Smoked

Prenatal care usually includes which of the following components?

Social services Nutritional services Comprehensive educational services

Which of these prescription drugs are most likely to function as teratogens?

Some antidepressants Some antibiotics Synthetic estrogen Acne medications

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n

Teratogen

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) to the unborn fetus.

Teratogens

Which of the following would NOT be an aspect of the genetic susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen?

The dose of the teratogen

Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose, and chin? (At this stage, however, the mother cannot yet feel the arms and legs moving.)

Three

Infants born to women using synthetic opioids or opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal.

True

The birth process occurs in three stages: the first is the longest, during which the contractions intensify; the second begins when the baby's head starts to move through the birth canal; and during the third stage the (the term that describes the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes) is expelled.

after birth

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.

alcohol

Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are all forms of ______ and are used to relieve pain during labor

anagelsia

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following?

cognitive deficits impaired language development impaired motor development

The specialization of cells, also known as cell ______, begins one week after conception.

differentiation

The ______ is the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system.

endoderm

The prenatal stage that begins about two months after conception is the period.

fetal

Which of the following is the prenatal period that lasts about seven months?

fetal

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.

germinal

The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as:

implantation

The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is ______ than the others

longer

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the:

mesoderm

The Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as:

prepared childbirth

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with:

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference.

Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to:

rubella

The Apgar Scale evaluates all of the following, EXCEPT:

size & weight

When babies are either full term or preterm and their birth weight is below normal for their age, they are called ______ infants.

small for date

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT

the Apgar scale

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?

the dosage genetic susceptibility time of exposure

The birth process occurs in _____ stages.

three

Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called

trimester

The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the:

trophoblast

Virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.

true

Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first ______ months of prenatal development.

two

The embryonic period occurs from (BLANK) weeks to eight weeks after conception.

two