Chapter 2
The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin are distinguishable (BlANK) months after conception.
3
Which of the following statements are true of a doula?
A doula provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth. A doula is a caregiver.
What are the three basic types of drugs that are used for a typical labor with no complications
Anesthesia Analgesia Oxytocin/Pitocin
According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?
Bidirectional
All of the following are generally lower in individuals with FASD, EXCEPT
Blood pressure
Each of the following is more likely to be lower in children born to mothers who used marijuana during their pregnancy, EXCEPT:
Blood pressure
Which activities take place during the germinal period of prenatal development?
Cell division Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall Creation of the fertilized egg
What occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube?
Conception
A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a:
Doula
In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the
First trimester
The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following?
Genetic risk factors Mother's age Medical history
Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to which of the following?
Low birth weight Lower intelligence
Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus
Low birth weight Respiratory problems Cardiovascular problems
According to a large-scale study, pregnant women's caffeine intake was linked to which of the following in their offspring?
Lower birth rate
Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?
Nicotine Marijuana Alcohol Caffeine
According to the U.S. surgeon general:
No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.
The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is
Not recommened
Which factors are considered teratogens?
Nutritional deficiencies Advanced paternal age Infectious disease drugs Maternal stress
The ______ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join
Placenta
The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the:
Placenta
The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is:
Psychoactive drug
Which of the following can produce defects in offspring or cause damage during birth?
Rubella Genital herpes Syphilis
In general, prenatal care involves which activities
Setting up a defined schedule of visits for medical care Screening for manageable conditions Testing for treatable diseases
Which of the following can cross the placental wall?
Small molecules
Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who ______ during pregnancy.
Smoked
Prenatal care usually includes which of the following components?
Social services Nutritional services Comprehensive educational services
Which of these prescription drugs are most likely to function as teratogens?
Some antidepressants Some antibiotics Synthetic estrogen Acne medications
Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n
Teratogen
Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) to the unborn fetus.
Teratogens
Which of the following would NOT be an aspect of the genetic susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen?
The dose of the teratogen
Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose, and chin? (At this stage, however, the mother cannot yet feel the arms and legs moving.)
Three
Infants born to women using synthetic opioids or opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal.
True
The birth process occurs in three stages: the first is the longest, during which the contractions intensify; the second begins when the baby's head starts to move through the birth canal; and during the third stage the (the term that describes the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes) is expelled.
after birth
FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.
alcohol
Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are all forms of ______ and are used to relieve pain during labor
anagelsia
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following?
cognitive deficits impaired language development impaired motor development
The specialization of cells, also known as cell ______, begins one week after conception.
differentiation
The ______ is the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system.
endoderm
The prenatal stage that begins about two months after conception is the period.
fetal
Which of the following is the prenatal period that lasts about seven months?
fetal
The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.
germinal
The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as:
implantation
The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is ______ than the others
longer
The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the:
mesoderm
The Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as:
prepared childbirth
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with:
reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference.
Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to:
rubella
The Apgar Scale evaluates all of the following, EXCEPT:
size & weight
When babies are either full term or preterm and their birth weight is below normal for their age, they are called ______ infants.
small for date
Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT
the Apgar scale
For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?
the dosage genetic susceptibility time of exposure
The birth process occurs in _____ stages.
three
Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called
trimester
The outer layer of cells that will eventually provide nutrition and support for the embryo is called the:
trophoblast
Virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.
true
Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first ______ months of prenatal development.
two
The embryonic period occurs from (BLANK) weeks to eight weeks after conception.
two