Micro Exam #4 (Final exam review)

The natural habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its

reservoir

The most reliable way to prevent an STI includes;

(ALL of the above)- Not having sex, monogamous relationship with uninfected person, condom use, vaccination

Which of the following interferes with the efficient phagocytosis of S. pyogenes?

(all answer choices are correct) Hyaluronic acid capsule, M protein, C5a peptidase, and protein G

. A 7-year old boy comes down with a sore throat that is positively identified as a Group A streptococcal infection. After a two-week course of antibiotic treatment, the boy is seemingly back to normal when after another week or two the child suffers from fever, joint pain, chest pain and is showing a rash over his body. A trip back to the physician also shows, upon listening to the child's heart beat that there seems to be some irregularity in heart valve function. The child is suffering from:

Acute rheumatic fever

Returning from a surfing trip to his hometown of Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, Mexico, Lorenzo, now living in Galveston, TX, brings back some Queso Chihuahua (Chihuahua Cheese.. NOTE: Not actually made from the milk of Chihuahuas... but made in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico). Lorenzo had been eating the cheese every day during his three week stay in Mexico and had purchased it from a local street vendor who claimed that the cheese was made fresh in their family factory and that, due to the freshness, pasteurization was not needed. Lorenzo, a recent dropout of the UMKC 6-Year Medical Program, had at least completed Dr. Dreyfus' Microbiology 121 class and had his doubts about the validity of the vendor's claim, but, the rationale and necessity for Pasteurization had escaped him. After arriving home, Lorenzo started running a fever, and had muscle aches, body pain, and generally felt very ill. The symptoms passed, but then recurred a week later, this time even worse with high fever, sweats, body aches and pain in his abdominal lymph nodes. Upon visit to his local health clinic and after a description of his trip to Mexico, the clinician diagnoses Lorenzo with:

Brucellosis

Seeking summer employment, Lawrence, a college professor on a 9-month contract, applies for a position at Go Chicken Go, where he is subsequently hired. Missing the food safety training, Lawrence goes right to work preparing chicken for frying. After 5 days on the job Lawrence comes down with fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping. By day three, Lawrence's symptoms have subsided and on day 5 post-diarrhea he returns to work at GCG. Lawrence finds out that no one else at GCG was sick but upon seeing the food safety video he realizes that he should have disinfected his hands after handling the raw chick and before eating his lunch. What is your presumptive diagnosis for the disease or offending bacterium?

Campylobacter jejuni

Which of these bacteria require a special medium and microaerophilic conditions?

Campylobacter jejuni

The 3 symptom phases that make up the malarial paroxysm are (in order):

Chills-Fever-Sweats

) A 20-year old college student visits the university health clinic complaining of pain during urination, painful testes, and a thin, grayish urethral discharge. Upon examination, a Gram stain of the discharge reveals numerous Gram-negative oval shaped bacteria (reticulate body) within epithelial cells; while a bacteriological culturing on agar plates revealed nothing. What is your diagnosis for the young man?

Chlamydia

In the question above, why was nothing found upon bacteriologic culture?

Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacterium and will not grow on agar plates

Recently, refugees fleeing lack of food, water, electricity, medicine, and the prospect of violence due to political unrest in their home country of Venezuela have flooded across the border into Columbia. Given the large numbers of refugees, the lack of proper sanitation, clean drinking water, and crowded encampments housing the displaced individuals numbering in the millions (in total), there is a real fear of a possible epidemic outbreak of:

Cholera

In the U.S plague is:

Endemic in the Southwest

The portal of entry typically has little effect on the course of a disease

FALSE

A mysterious sequel to Campylobacter jejuni infections can be

Guillain-Barre syndrome

The pathogen associated with peptic ulcers and stomach cancer is

Helicobacter pylori

A 5-month old infant is brought to the ER due to listlessness, poor muscle tone, constipation (several days), signs of hypoxia (lack of oxygen due to poor breathing), and a poor sucking response. In questioning the parents, it is revealed that a daily routine is a tablespoon of honey in the baby's bottle. What is your presumptive diagnosis and prescribed treatment?

Infant, botulism: anti-botulism toxin immunoglobulin injection

The vector for Lyme disease is the

Ixodes scapularis

A week after hiking in upstate New York on Spring Break, a UMKC student returns to campus and while sitting in LS121 Microbiology notices a "bulls-eye" rash on his lower leg. It doesn't alarm him too much, but by the time classes were over that day he reported to the student health clinic with fever, chills, headache, joint pain and fatigue. The student is likely suffering from ____________ and a blood culture reveals _____________ in his blood.

Lyme disease; Gram-negative spirochete

) An 18-year old male college freshman reports to the campus health clinic with a throbbing headache, fever, pain and stiffness in his neck, and is extremely nauseous. While being examined the student vomits just as the clinician notice petechial hemorrhages on his extremities. The clinician immediately calls the a close-by hospital for an emergency transport and indicates that the student may be suffering from

Meningococcal meningitis

) This STD pathogen deploys numerous strategies to avoid host immune defenses including: Inactivation of complement; binding to host sialic acid to disguise itself as host tissue; stimulating its own uptake by neutrophils, and then replicating within them; and, production of an IgA protease to destroy mucosal IgA. This pathogen is:

Neisseria gonorrhea

Epidemics of meningitis appear to involve

Neisseria meningtitidis

Referring to the question above, if what you suspect is confirmed to be true what additional immediate steps should the clinician take?

Notify the campus police/housing; contact the local health department; develop a contact list of this having had contact with the student; prescribe prophylactic antibiotics for all who had contact with the student; begin a vaccination campaign for contacts that did not receive the mandatory vaccination for dorm living

This bacterial A-B exotoxin binds to receptors on cells in the upper respiratory tract and subsequently alters a G-protein regulator of adenylate cyclase, resulting in an increase in cellular cAMP. The toxin in question is

Pertussis toxin

The DPT or DTaP or TDaP vaccine protects us against

Pertussis, tetanus, diptheria

. A patient arrives at the ER who was picked up off of the street by a charity group that serves the homeless. The individual, a 60-ish year old man is obviously homeless, an apparent chronic alcoholic and is malnourished. The patient is coughing, has fever and is complaining of severe chest pain. When he coughs, he coughs up sputa that is rust in color due to blood. A gram stain of the sputa reveal, Gram-positive diplococci. Your diagnosis is:

Pneumococcal pneumonia

) A 60-year old man is recovering from abdominal surgery and things seem to be progressing, when day 5 after surgery he comes down with fever, chills, rapid breathing and rapid pulse. A culture of the man's blood turns up positive for a gram-negative bacterium. Antibiotic and supportive therapy are started immediately, however, the patient's blood pressure, begins to drop and it cannot be stabilized. Two days after the start of fever, the patient dies. What was the cause of death

Septic shock

Recently, a daycare center was shut down when two children came down with diarrhea that was notable due to the presence of blood and mucous in the stool. The children also had fever, abdominal pain and mild vomiting early on in the disease. In addition, the stools were frequent but relatively low in volume. While waiting for the bacteriological testing of a stool specimen, your presumptive diagnosis is:

Shigellosis

The leading cause of bacterial meningitis in adults is

Streptococcus pneumoniae

The etiologic age of strep throat is

Streptococcus pyogenes

) A 23-year old female visits her local health clinic complaining of vaginal itching and burning displaying a frothy, smelly, yellowish vaginal discharge. In addition, the clinician notices a painless, but prominent red ulcer (hard chancre) on her vulva and a swelling of her inguinal (groin region) lymph gland. What is your presumptive diagnosis?

Syphilis and trichomoniasis

A fly may serve as a mechanical vector

TRUE

) A 30-year old man visits his local health clinic for a scheduled 3-month check-up as part of his AIDS maintenance and management program. The individual has been HIV+ for 6 years. During his visit the patient is coughing quite a bit and complains to the clinician that the he has been coughing for about 6 weeks and has had bouts of fever that he attributed to a cold. During his check-in the patient is running a fever and is down considerably in his weight over his last visit. The clinician is very concerned that the patient may have

Tuberculosis

The primary source of central nervous system (CNS) infections is through the

bloodstream

Following HIV infection, the acute retroviral syndrome is followed by a latent period and then, if untreated a marked decline in the infected individual's immune system. What is the underlying cause of immune suppression in HIV infection

decline in CD4+ helper T cells

Diseases constantly present in a population are called

endemic

Which of the following is not a vector?

fomite

Inanimate objects capable of transferring infectious disease agents are

fomites

Referring to question 34, Lawrence, also a microbiologist by training, decided to culture his own stool specimen at the Micro 121 teaching lab. During the peak of his diarrheal episodes, Lawrence was able to culture under microaerophilic conditions what he later confirmed to be the offending organism. By gram staining, the bacterium was :

gram negative curved rode-shaped bacterium

The single most important measure to prevent the spread of disease is

hand washing

Shigella toxin and cholera toxin both

have an A-B arrangement

An effective and practical way of controlling Malaria might be:

insect control to eradicate the mosquito vector

The nervous system typically

is sterile

The number of people in a defined population who die during a given period is called the

mortality rate

An infection acquired during hospitalization is referred to as a(n) ___________ infection

nosocomial

An epidemic that spreads worldwide is called a(n)

pandemic

The stage of pertussis that is characterized by frequent bursts of violent uncontrollable coughing is called the

paroxysmal stage

A frequent complication of untreated gonorrhea in some in s

pelvic inflammatory disease

Genital herpes, like other ulcerating genital diseases,

promotes the spread of AIDS

. A 12-year old Guatemalan child recently arrived to a U.S. port of entry in South Texas seeking asylum with her family fleeing endemic violence in her home country. After processing at the border, the child and her family were sent to San Antonio to seek refugee housing. On the trip the child comes down with signs and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection, sore throat, fever, fatigue, and malaise. Two days later, the child is progressively more ill with heart irregularities and is having difficulty breathing due to an obstruction in her throat. The child has no record of immunization history. Throat culture reveals a gram positive rod-shaped bacterium. What is your diagnosis?

Diphtheria

An example of a bacterial A-B exotoxin that blocks eukaryotic protein synthesis in the target cells is:

Diphtheria toxin