Chapter 2: Traffic Management

-The pavement marking is easily installed without the use of special type equipment. -Marking is more durable and providing 5 to 8 years of service life depending on the traffic environment. -It can be high retro-reflectivity. -Marking is environment friendly and it can be little damage to the local environment and workers

Advantages of Pavement Markings

Road user services, tourist information, evacuation routes

Blue signs

Sites of public recreation or cultural interest

Brown signs

Informative, Regulatory, Warning

Classification of Traffic Sign on their Intended Uses

Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)

Defines all policies and guidelines pertaining to traffic control devices and for determining where and whether a particular control type is suitable for a given location and/or intersection.

Possible hazards ahead

Diamond shaped

-Pavement markings have higher initial costs -It can be not suitable for old roads in poor conditions

Disadvantages of Pavement Markings

Two-Direction

Double solid yellow lines that prohibit passing in each of two directions

One-Direction

Double yellow line: one normal broken line and one normal solid line passing is acceptable for traffic adjacent to the broken line and prohibited for traffic adjacent to the solid line

Raised

Edge line pavement marking defining roadway edges. These are useful as visual references over adverse weather and visibility conditions

Fulfill a need, Draw attention, Clearly convey meaning, Command respect from motorists and other road users, Allow adequate time for response

Elementary Requirements of Every Traffic Control Device (according to Myer Kutz)

Shape, Color, Size, Visibility, Placement

Elements of Design

Design, Placement, Operation, Maintenance, Uniformity of traffic devices

Five Major Factors Governing the Requirements

Should compel attention, Should convey a simple clear meaning at a glance, Should allow adequate time for easy response, Should command the respect of the road users for whom it is intended

Four Elementary Requirements of Traffic Control Devices (according to Ricardo G. Sigua)

traffic signs, traffic signals, road markings, traffic islands

Four Main Categories of Traffic Control Devices

provide guidance and information, to inspire safe and orderly traffic flow, to optimize roadway capacity

Function of Pavement Markings

Regulatory Devices, Warning Devices, Guiding Devices

Functional Groups of Traffic Control

Permitted traffic movements/directional guidance

Green sign

Provides guidance to drivers

Horizontal rectangle shaped

Broken white line

In the broken white line motorists may change lanes if it is safe to do so

Warning signs, Priority signs, Prohibitory signs, Mandatory signs, Special regulation signs, Information signs, Direction signs, Additional panels

International Standard Traffic Signs

Give way or Yield

Inverted Triangle

Solid white line

It requires drivers to settle within the lane and marks the shoulder of the roadway

Traffic Signs

Made from reflective material in high-contrast colors, they are highly visible at night.

Need to Stop

Octagonal Shape

Warning and guidance in roadway work zones

Orange signs

School zone is ahead

Pentagon shaped

Stop, Yield, Prohibition sign

Red sign

Prohibitory or mandatory signs

Round shaped

Stop and yield lines

Stop and yield lines are transversal pavement markings used to instruct drivers where to should stop or yield when reaching an intersection or mid-block crosswalk. also called Give Way Line

Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)

Supports state and local governments in the design, construction, and maintenance of the Nation's highway system

Delinator

These are pylon that are placed on the surface of road or at the edges for channelizing the traffic. It serves for the purpose of indicating lane closures. These come in variety of shapes like round or curved

Road studs

These improve the night vision and help the drivers in adverse weather conditions. These also serve as a speed retarder before the junction or crossing or at the beginning of fly-over sections where road accidents are highly predicted.

Longitudinal Pavement Markings

These markings are guide traffic on the roadway by providing the visual solution to the travel lane. This is one of the superior pavement markings used on the road.

road, vehicle, driver

Three Elements of the Road System

Guiding/Informatory Signs

Type of Traffic Signs

Regulatory Signs

Type of Traffic Signs

Warning Signs

Type of Traffic Signs

Traffic cones and delimiters, Highway barriers, Channelizers and road barriers

Types of Barriers and Channelizers

Broken yellow line, Double solid yellow line, Solid yellow line, Broken white line, Solid white line, Dotted white line

Types of Longitudinal Pavement Markings

Pavement Markings, Kerb Markings, Object Markings, Reflect Unit Markings

Types of Road Markings

Divisional Islands, Channelizing Islands, Pedestrian Loading Islands, Rotary Islands

Types of Traffic Islands

Regulatory Signs, Warning Signs, Guiding or Informatory Signs

Types of Traffic Signs

Used to inform drivers

Vertical Rectangle Road signs

White line lane

White pavement markings define traffic lanes with the same direction of travel. These markings should be placed on the pavement with two or more adjoining traffic lanes in the same direction of travel (unless required for reversible lanes)

Regulatory Sign

White sign

Yellow Pavement Markings

Yellow center line pavement markings divided opposite traffic lanes for routes. These yellow pavement markings can be equipped at locations that are not the perfect center of the roadway

General caution message

Yellow sign

Guiding Devices

also known as "informational signs", are employed simply to inform the road user of route; route exit and information that provides information about, as well as those certain services marking, tourist attraction, and amenity information

Bott's dots

appear as dots and are placed on highway with the help of epoxy as a gluing substance. Its purpose is to alert motorists to the fact that they are drifting out of their lane of off the road. Not as suitable to areas of snow.

Pavement markings

are a component of the intelligence system for road users in inclusion to road signs and signals, pavement markings connected to drivers where to arrange their vehicles, warn about upcoming situations and locate where conveying is permitted

Warning sign

are intended to warn road users of a danger on the road and to inform them of its nature.

Raised pavement markings

are reflectors on roads provided for safety purposes. There are also non-reflector raised pavement markers like that of ceramic but these have disadvantages as they are not effective during night time

Special regulation signs

are usually square or rectangular with a blue ground and a light colored symbol, or with a light colored ground and a dark colored symbol.

Cat's eyes

consist of two reflective curved surfaces that are fitted into a white rubber dome that is placed on cast-iron housing. It is mainly used for the purpose of visual lane marking, tactile lane marking and special feature marking

Barriers and Channelizers

control traffic, warn against hazards, and mitigate accidents

Traffic Signals

control devices which could alternatively direct the traffic to stop and proceed at intersections using red, yellow, and green traffic light signals automatically

Traffic Control Devices

direct, guide, and inform drivers by offering visual or tactile indicators.

Priority signs

for notifying or informing road users of the special rules of priority at intersections.

Prohibitory signs

for signs prohibiting or restricting standing and parking in built-up areas.

Regulatory Devices

have the authority of law and impose precise requirements upon the actions of the road user and declare the accepted legal use of the immediate public roadway

Traffic Regulations

laws and rules which govern traffic, regulate vehicles, and facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic

Road Markings

made of lines, patterns, words, symbols, or reflections on the pavement, kerb , sides of islands, or on the fixed objects within or near the roadway

Convex Vibration lines

often used in the road for dividing lanes in case dividers are not provided.

Edge line

pavement marking defining roadway edges. These are useful as visual references over adverse weather and visibility conditions. should not be extended through intersections or major driveways.

Traffic Islands

raised areas constructed within the roadway to establish physical channels through which the vehicular traffic may be guided

Crosswalks

serve the direct pedestrians to cross at locations where convenient traffic control.

No-Passing Zone

shall be used on two and three-lane roadways where engineering studies show that passing must be prohibited due to inadequate sight distance or other special conditions

Information signs

shall have a blue or green ground with a white or yellow rectangle on which the symbol shall be displayed.

Roundabout

type of circular intersection designed to keep control speeds and having specific traffic control features

Warning Devices

used to inform road users of potentially hazardous roadway conditions or unusual traffic movements that are not readily apparent to passing traffic.

Object markings

used to mark obstructions within or adjacent to the roadway. These obstructions could be physical objects such as guard rails, utility poles, bridge abutments, underpass piers, etc

Direction signs

usually rectangular but may be in the shape of an elongated rectangle, with the longer side horizontal, ending in an arrowhead.

Hazard Markers

warn you that the road ahead is about to change direction because of a curve, steep descent, obstacle, obstruction