Chapter 2: Traffic Management
-The pavement marking is easily installed without the use of special type equipment. -Marking is more durable and providing 5 to 8 years of service life depending on the traffic environment. -It can be high retro-reflectivity. -Marking is environment friendly and it can be little damage to the local environment and workers
Advantages of Pavement Markings
Road user services, tourist information, evacuation routes
Blue signs
Sites of public recreation or cultural interest
Brown signs
Informative, Regulatory, Warning
Classification of Traffic Sign on their Intended Uses
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD)
Defines all policies and guidelines pertaining to traffic control devices and for determining where and whether a particular control type is suitable for a given location and/or intersection.
Possible hazards ahead
Diamond shaped
-Pavement markings have higher initial costs -It can be not suitable for old roads in poor conditions
Disadvantages of Pavement Markings
Two-Direction
Double solid yellow lines that prohibit passing in each of two directions
One-Direction
Double yellow line: one normal broken line and one normal solid line passing is acceptable for traffic adjacent to the broken line and prohibited for traffic adjacent to the solid line
Raised
Edge line pavement marking defining roadway edges. These are useful as visual references over adverse weather and visibility conditions
Fulfill a need, Draw attention, Clearly convey meaning, Command respect from motorists and other road users, Allow adequate time for response
Elementary Requirements of Every Traffic Control Device (according to Myer Kutz)
Shape, Color, Size, Visibility, Placement
Elements of Design
Design, Placement, Operation, Maintenance, Uniformity of traffic devices
Five Major Factors Governing the Requirements
Should compel attention, Should convey a simple clear meaning at a glance, Should allow adequate time for easy response, Should command the respect of the road users for whom it is intended
Four Elementary Requirements of Traffic Control Devices (according to Ricardo G. Sigua)
traffic signs, traffic signals, road markings, traffic islands
Four Main Categories of Traffic Control Devices
provide guidance and information, to inspire safe and orderly traffic flow, to optimize roadway capacity
Function of Pavement Markings
Regulatory Devices, Warning Devices, Guiding Devices
Functional Groups of Traffic Control
Permitted traffic movements/directional guidance
Green sign
Provides guidance to drivers
Horizontal rectangle shaped
Broken white line
In the broken white line motorists may change lanes if it is safe to do so
Warning signs, Priority signs, Prohibitory signs, Mandatory signs, Special regulation signs, Information signs, Direction signs, Additional panels
International Standard Traffic Signs
Give way or Yield
Inverted Triangle
Solid white line
It requires drivers to settle within the lane and marks the shoulder of the roadway
Traffic Signs
Made from reflective material in high-contrast colors, they are highly visible at night.
Need to Stop
Octagonal Shape
Warning and guidance in roadway work zones
Orange signs
School zone is ahead
Pentagon shaped
Stop, Yield, Prohibition sign
Red sign
Prohibitory or mandatory signs
Round shaped
Stop and yield lines
Stop and yield lines are transversal pavement markings used to instruct drivers where to should stop or yield when reaching an intersection or mid-block crosswalk. also called Give Way Line
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
Supports state and local governments in the design, construction, and maintenance of the Nation's highway system
Delinator
These are pylon that are placed on the surface of road or at the edges for channelizing the traffic. It serves for the purpose of indicating lane closures. These come in variety of shapes like round or curved
Road studs
These improve the night vision and help the drivers in adverse weather conditions. These also serve as a speed retarder before the junction or crossing or at the beginning of fly-over sections where road accidents are highly predicted.
Longitudinal Pavement Markings
These markings are guide traffic on the roadway by providing the visual solution to the travel lane. This is one of the superior pavement markings used on the road.
road, vehicle, driver
Three Elements of the Road System
Guiding/Informatory Signs
Type of Traffic Signs
Regulatory Signs
Type of Traffic Signs
Warning Signs
Type of Traffic Signs
Traffic cones and delimiters, Highway barriers, Channelizers and road barriers
Types of Barriers and Channelizers
Broken yellow line, Double solid yellow line, Solid yellow line, Broken white line, Solid white line, Dotted white line
Types of Longitudinal Pavement Markings
Pavement Markings, Kerb Markings, Object Markings, Reflect Unit Markings
Types of Road Markings
Divisional Islands, Channelizing Islands, Pedestrian Loading Islands, Rotary Islands
Types of Traffic Islands
Regulatory Signs, Warning Signs, Guiding or Informatory Signs
Types of Traffic Signs
Used to inform drivers
Vertical Rectangle Road signs
White line lane
White pavement markings define traffic lanes with the same direction of travel. These markings should be placed on the pavement with two or more adjoining traffic lanes in the same direction of travel (unless required for reversible lanes)
Regulatory Sign
White sign
Yellow Pavement Markings
Yellow center line pavement markings divided opposite traffic lanes for routes. These yellow pavement markings can be equipped at locations that are not the perfect center of the roadway
General caution message
Yellow sign
Guiding Devices
also known as "informational signs", are employed simply to inform the road user of route; route exit and information that provides information about, as well as those certain services marking, tourist attraction, and amenity information
Bott's dots
appear as dots and are placed on highway with the help of epoxy as a gluing substance. Its purpose is to alert motorists to the fact that they are drifting out of their lane of off the road. Not as suitable to areas of snow.
Pavement markings
are a component of the intelligence system for road users in inclusion to road signs and signals, pavement markings connected to drivers where to arrange their vehicles, warn about upcoming situations and locate where conveying is permitted
Warning sign
are intended to warn road users of a danger on the road and to inform them of its nature.
Raised pavement markings
are reflectors on roads provided for safety purposes. There are also non-reflector raised pavement markers like that of ceramic but these have disadvantages as they are not effective during night time
Special regulation signs
are usually square or rectangular with a blue ground and a light colored symbol, or with a light colored ground and a dark colored symbol.
Cat's eyes
consist of two reflective curved surfaces that are fitted into a white rubber dome that is placed on cast-iron housing. It is mainly used for the purpose of visual lane marking, tactile lane marking and special feature marking
Barriers and Channelizers
control traffic, warn against hazards, and mitigate accidents
Traffic Signals
control devices which could alternatively direct the traffic to stop and proceed at intersections using red, yellow, and green traffic light signals automatically
Traffic Control Devices
direct, guide, and inform drivers by offering visual or tactile indicators.
Priority signs
for notifying or informing road users of the special rules of priority at intersections.
Prohibitory signs
for signs prohibiting or restricting standing and parking in built-up areas.
Regulatory Devices
have the authority of law and impose precise requirements upon the actions of the road user and declare the accepted legal use of the immediate public roadway
Traffic Regulations
laws and rules which govern traffic, regulate vehicles, and facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic
Road Markings
made of lines, patterns, words, symbols, or reflections on the pavement, kerb , sides of islands, or on the fixed objects within or near the roadway
Convex Vibration lines
often used in the road for dividing lanes in case dividers are not provided.
Edge line
pavement marking defining roadway edges. These are useful as visual references over adverse weather and visibility conditions. should not be extended through intersections or major driveways.
Traffic Islands
raised areas constructed within the roadway to establish physical channels through which the vehicular traffic may be guided
Crosswalks
serve the direct pedestrians to cross at locations where convenient traffic control.
No-Passing Zone
shall be used on two and three-lane roadways where engineering studies show that passing must be prohibited due to inadequate sight distance or other special conditions
Information signs
shall have a blue or green ground with a white or yellow rectangle on which the symbol shall be displayed.
Roundabout
type of circular intersection designed to keep control speeds and having specific traffic control features
Warning Devices
used to inform road users of potentially hazardous roadway conditions or unusual traffic movements that are not readily apparent to passing traffic.
Object markings
used to mark obstructions within or adjacent to the roadway. These obstructions could be physical objects such as guard rails, utility poles, bridge abutments, underpass piers, etc
Direction signs
usually rectangular but may be in the shape of an elongated rectangle, with the longer side horizontal, ending in an arrowhead.
Hazard Markers
warn you that the road ahead is about to change direction because of a curve, steep descent, obstacle, obstruction