Chapter 20: Cardiovascular System- Vessels and Circulation

When a person is at rest, approximately how much blood is being held within the veins, the body's blood reservoirs?

55%

the blood pressure gradient established by the pumping of action of the heart is ___ mmHg

93

match the name of the structure to its proper location on the figure of the capillary bed

A: Metarteriole B: True capillary C: Thoroughfare D: Postcapillary venule

Match the letter on the left with the structure on the right.

A: tunica intima B: endothelium C: tunica media D: elastic fibers

ADH and ________ increase resistance and blood pressure

Angiotensin II

Hormones that help regulate blood pressure are ___

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Aldosterone Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

___ are specialized nerve endings that respond to the stretch in blood vessel walls

Baroreceptors

Which artery in the upper limb is compressed by the sphygmomanometer when taking a blood pressure?

Brachial artery

blood pressure is influenced by three primary variables; ___, peripheral resistance and ___

Cardiac output, blood volume

when substances such as oxygen and nutrients move from high concentrations in the blood to low concentrations in the tissue, it is called ___

Diffusion

vasodilators are substances that do which of the following?

Dilate capillaries Relax precapillary sphincters

the walls of capillaries contain only the ___ ___ allowing for rapid gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and tissues

Endothelial layer

Organs that are very active metabolically are highly vascularized. Which of the following are very metabolically active

Heart Skeletal muscle Liver Brain

which of the following conditions stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors

High CO2 Low pH Very low O2

In muscular arteries, the ___ elastic lemina separates the tunica intima from the tunica media

Internal (elastic lemina)

Match the organ to the substance secreted from that organ

Kidney: Renin Liver: Angiotensinogen Lungs: Angiotensinogen- converting enzyme

the space within a vessel through which blood flows is the:

Lumen

the 15% to 20% of fluid that isn't reabsorbed into the capillary is picked up by the ___ ___ and is filtered before it is returned to the blood

Lymphatic system

which processes are involved in vasomotion

Precapillary sphincters open when a tissue needs nutrients Precapillary sphincters close when a tissue's needs are met

___ ___ is the additional pressure placed on the arteries from when the heart is resting to when the heart is contracting

Pulse Pressure

if the blood pressure decreases, which of the following consequences will happen?

SA node will be stimulated Baroreceptors decrease their firing rate

the large gaps and discontinuous or absent basement membrane of ___ allow this type of capillary to transport larger materials such as proteins or cells

Sinusoids

True or False: blood transported to and from the spleen is an example of a simple blood flow pathway

True

True or False: if someone has chronically high blood pressure, eventually baroreceptors will adapt to the change in the blood pressure and thus their normal "set-point"

True

Which are components of a capillary bed

True capillaries thoroughfare channel postcapillary venule metarteriole

which of the following characteristics describe the general structure of a vein?

Walls collapse when drained of blood Wider lumen than companion artery Thicker tunica externa

the two main peripheral chemoreceptors are the ___ and ___

aortic bodies carotid body

which blood vessels become progressively smaller and branch as they extend away from the heart

arteries

The smallest type of arteries are the:

arterioles

hormones that help regulate blood pressure are ____

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) aldosterone antidiuretic homone (ADH)

another term for blood hydrostatic pressure is

blood pressure

the force per unit on the inside wall of a blood vessel is known as the ___ ___

blood pressure

exchange processes that occur in the capillaries include

bulk flow vesicular transport diffusion

blood vessels called ___ connect aterioles to venules

capillaries

The three classes of blood vessels are:

capillaries veins arteries

two distinct groups of autonomic nuclei participate in the regulation of blood pressure; specifically the ___ center and the ___ center

cardiac vasomotor

total blood flow equals ___ ___

cardiac output

when you arise from a sitting position, ___ is altered to maintain blood pressure

cardiac output

which of the following baroreceptors monitor blood pressure affecting the brain

carotid sinuses

in the body, ___ blood vessels travel together and supply the same region

companion

which of the following determine the amount of blood that will be delivered to a specific organ or tissue

degree of vascularization local regulatory factors total blood flow

mean arterial pressure may be estimated as which of the following?

diastolic pressure +1/3 pulse pressure

exchange processes that occur in the capillary include ___

diffusion vesicular transport bulk flow

during exercise, blood flow will decrease to which of the following areas

digestive organs kidneys

Bulk flow refers to the movement of large amounts of fluids and their dissolved substances in one direction ____ a pressure gradient

down

the presence of abundant ___ fibers in the walls of elastic arteries allow them to stretch and withstand the strong pulsations of blood as it is ejected from the heart

elastic

The largest veins travel with:

elastic arteries

the function of the capillaries is ___

exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissues

in the figure, a ___ capillary is shown

fenestrated

which are types of capillaries?

fenestrated continuous sinusoids

___ is the process that occurs on the arterial end of a capillary whereby fluid moves by bulk flow through the openings in the capillaries; in this process large solutes are blocked

filtration

the relatively high blood pressure on the arteriole end of the capillary accounts for

filtration

the carotid sinuses monitor blood pressure changes in which of the following body parts

head neck

redistribution of blod flow, due to sympathetic stimulation, increases blood flow to which of the following organs? Check all that apply

heart skeletal muscle

Anxiety over a dangerous experience may result in the higher brain centers, specifically the _______ increasing cardiac output and resistance

hypothalamus

an increase in cardiac output will ___ the blood pressure gradient

increase

overweight people tend to have:

increased blood pressure

an increase in cardiac output, resistance or blood volume ___ blood pressure

increases

blood pressure ___ when sympathetic innervation causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles

increases

the vessel resistance ___ if one gains a large amount of weight

increases

aldosterone ___ the absorption of Na+ and ___ in the kidney to help maintain blood volume and blood presure

increases...water

when high CO2 levels stimulate chemoreceptors, the vasomotor center responds by ___ resistance and ___ venous return

increasing, increasing

Where are fenestrated capillaries found within the body?

kidney small intestine

increasing vessel length increases resistance, because the ___ the vessel, the greater the friction the fluid experiences as it travels through this vessel

longer

A capillary bed is fed by a:

metarteriole

activation of the vasomotor center redistributes blood flow with ___ blood flowing to skeletal muscles and the heart

more

the medium-sized ___ arteries are also called distributing arteries because they distribute blood to body organs and tissues

muscular

most of the named arteries of the body, such as the bronchial, anterior tibial, coronary and inferior mesenteric arteries, that distribute blood to body organs and tissue are examples of:

muscular arteries

the term ___ resistance is typically used when discussing the resistance of blood in the blood vessels

peripheral

a ___ ___ deliver blood to another organ first, before blood is sent back to the heart

portal vein

The rhythmic pulsation of blood through the arteries is known as your

pulse

which of the following factors would decrease blood viscosity

reduced erythrocytes anemia

___ converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

renin

vasoconstriction of veins shift blood from the venous reservoirs and blood pressure

rises

the narrow diameter of capillaries means that erythrocytes must travel single file. This is termed ___

rouleau

which of the following methods are used to pass materials through the walls of continuous capillaries?

simple diffusion pinocytosis

which type of the capillaries are found where larger materials need to pass between the blood and tissues, such as the bone marrow, the spleen, and the liver?

sinusoids

veins being squeezed between contracting muscles to help pump blood toward the heart is known as the:

skeletal muscle pump

during exercise, blood flow will increase to which of the following areas?

skeletal muscles skin coronary vessels

Where are continuous capillaries found within the body?

skin muscles

muscular arteries have multiple layers of ___ muscle fibers that enable better vasoconstriction and vasodilation in these vessels

smooth

which of the following are elastic arteries

subclavian artery common carotid artery aorta

The highest blood pressure generated in the arteries is during ventricular systole when the artery is maximally stretched; the value is recorded as the ___ pressure

systolic

the reading taken from the sphygmomanometer when the first pulsation is heard through the stechoscope is the ___ blood pressure

systolic

How do baroreceptors signal the cardiovascular center pertaining to changes in blood pressure

their firing rate changes when the stretch in the blood vessel changes

choose all of the following that cause vasoconstriction

thromboxane prostaglandin

as the blood pressure gradient decreases, ___ ___ flow lessens

total

True or False: veins have no demonstrable pulse pressure

true

true or false: when breathing rate increases, blood is moved more quickly back to the heart by the respiratory pump

true

in a capillary bed, the ___ ___ branch from the metarteriole to form the bulk of the capillary bed

true capillaries

the aortic arch baroreceptors are located in the ___ ___ of the aortic arch

tunica externa

the outermost layer of a blood vessel is known as the:

tunica externa

which of the following is the innermost layer of blood vessel wall?

tunica intima

The three layers of the walls of arteries and veins are the:

tunica media tunica intima tunica externa

Most veins contain numerous _______ to prevent blood from pooling in the limbs and assist blood moving back to the heart

valves

the network of small arteries extending through the tunica externa of very large blood vessels is known as the ___ ___

vasa vasorum

the chemicals that alter local blood flow are collectively called ___ chemicals

vasoactive

Which class of blood vessel returns blood to the heart?

veins

the companion vessels to the arterioles are the ____

venules

___ refers to the resistance of fluid to its flow

viscosity