Chapter 21 ( 21.4 Control of blood pressure and blood flow)

Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by

1) a potent vasoconstrictor, it raises blood pressure by increasing systemic vascular resistance. 2) stimulates secretion of ALDOSTERONE which increases reabsorption of sodium ions and water by the kidneys.

vasodilating chemicals

K, H, lactic acid and adenosine.

The vasodilation of skin blood vessels

allows heat to dissipate more rapidly from the surface of the skin.

Cardiovascular (CV) center

also controls neural, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems that regulate blood pressure and blood floe to specific tissues.

Baroreceptor reflexes

are the carotid sinus reflex and the aortic reflex

heart inhibitor

cardio inhibitory

Nerve impulses descend

from the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus to affect the cardiovascular center.

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

in response to sympathetic stimulation, the adrenal medulla releases ___ these increase cardiac output by increasing the rate and force of heart contractions. 2) vasoconstrictor of arterioles and veins in the skin and abdominal organs and vasodilation of arterioles in cardiac and skeletal muscles.

Cardiovascular (CV) center

in the medulla oblongata helps regulate heart rate and stroke volume.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

is produced by the hypothalamus and releases from the posterior pituitary in response to dehydration or decrease blood volume. AKA Vasopressin

Baroreceptors

monitor changes in pressure and stretch In the walls of blood vessels.

Proprioceptors

monitor movement of joints and muscles and provide input to the cardiovascular center during physical activity.

chemoreceptors

monitor the concentration of various chemicals in the blood.

glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve

nerve impulses propagate from the carotid sinus baroreceptors over sensory axons to the cardiovascular center n the medulla oblongata.

Physcial changes

promotes vasodilation, and cooling causes vasoconstriction

vasomotor nerves

region of the cardiovascular continually sends impulses over these routes to arterioles throughout the body, but especially to those in the skin and abdominal viscera.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

released by the cells of the atria of the heart and lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation and by promoting the loss of salt and water in the urine.

increase of SNC is by

secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal medulla.

autoregulation

the ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match its metabolic demands.

vagus X nerves

the parasympathetic nervous impulse is conveyed by this

Renin -angiotensin-aldosterone ( RAA) system

when blood volume falls or blood flow to the kidneys decreases, juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys secrete renin into the bloodstream.

Carotid sinus reflex

which help regulate blood pressure in the brain.