Chapter 21 Life in the Industrial Age section 1
Henry Ford
American auto maker whose cars reached a speed of 25 miles per hour
Orville and Wilbur Wright
American brothers who designed and flew the first sustained flight using the internal combustion engine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Robert Fulton
American inventor of the steam boat
Samuel F. B. Morse
American inventor who developed the first telegraph sending coded messages over wires - first service in 1844 between Washington and Baltimore - "Morse Code"
Alexander Graham Bell
American inventor who developed the telephone
Thomas Edison
American inventor who made the first electric light bulb - the "incandescent lamp"
What effect did his invention have on the Industrial Revolution?
Because it powers automobiles, threshers, reapers, and airplanes, it had a huge impact on transportation, farm production, and the economies of industrialized Western nations that produced these products
Henry Bessemer
British engineer who developed a new process for making steel from iron
William Cockerill
British mechanic who opened factories in Belgium in 1807 - making Belgium the second country to industrialize
Why was there a move toward monopolies?
Business leaders who dominated entire industries could squeeze out competing companies and charge any price for a product or service
Why was electricity important to industrialization?
Electricity transformed the pace of growth during the Industrial Revolution because cities could be lit up at night and factories could run after dark. It was the power source for the machines and assembly lines that mass-produced goods, making more products faster and cheaper than ever before
Michael Faraday
English chemist who created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo
Nikolaus Otto
German inventor of the gasoline-powered internal combustion engine
Why would specializing in specific tasks be more efficient than having a worker build an entire product from start to finish?
It is more efficient for workers to be in charge of one task than to require them to master every task that needs to be done, particularly in producing complex products such as automobiles
Guglielmo Marconi
Italian pioneer who invented the radio
Alessandro Volta
Italian scientist who developed the first battery (1800)
What are the benefits of regulating monopolies?
Regulations would allow for competition, better pricing, and fair business practices
Alfred Nobel
Swedish chemist who invented dynamite, an explosive much safer than others used at the time
How did industrialization affect these nations?
The factory system allowed more people to buy cheaper goods than ever before; industrialization bolstered the economy by creating jobs; industrialized Western nations grew in power
How did Belgium, Germany, France, and the United States industrialize?
They had abundant supplies of natural resources, and they were able to borrow the ideas and technology of the British
How did company owners get the capital needed to run businesses?
They sold stock and formed giant corporations
What did Nikolaus Otto invent?
a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine
cartel
a group of corporations would join forces and form an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets
What is "big business"?
a large-scale business that is run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods
dynamo
a machine that generates electricity
assembly line
a new method of production where workers add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next
"big business"
an establishment that is run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture, and distribute goods. As time passed, some came to control entire industries
corporations
businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock.
John D. Rockefeller
by gaining control of oil wells, oil refineries, and oil pipelines, he dominated the American petroleum industry
Germany and the United States
countries that thrust their way into the industrial leadership
What power source replaced steam as the main source of industrial power?
electricity
How is radio used today? Why is it important?
entertainment, news, emergency broadcasts, weather warnings, communication
Karl Benz
he had a patent for the first automobile, which had only three wheels
monopolies
huge corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy
steel
lighter, harder, and more durable than iron, so it could be produced very cheaply - quickly became the major material used in tools, bridges, and railroads
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
location of America's first textile factory (built from plans smuggled out of Britain by Samuel Slater, an American industrial spy)
interchangeable parts
manufacturers designed products with identical components that could be used in place of one another
"robber barons"
powerful capitalists who control monopolies (negative term)
"captains of industry"
powerful capitalists who control monopolies (positive term)
stock
shares in business companies, to investors