Chapter 21-Mexica

The development of Pacific Island

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What duty did the community do for the god?

Bloodletting in which they believed the moisture from the sun needed blood in order to produce a great economy and please the gods.

Where was the Inca capital and who lived there?

Cuzco, and administrative and religious people lived there and they forced conquered people to live their to have a bustling capital with people.

How did the Oceania population increase?

Due to diversified farming/fishing. On Easter island environmental degradation from overpopulation.

What was the main Mexica god? Why did the society believe the were loved by this god?

Huitzilopochita, they thought they were loved because they kept winning battles

Where was Quipu used?

In the Incan Empire in South America

Who were the main Inca gods?

Inti who was the main sun god and the creator called Viracoacha.

In Pacific Island Societies what did trade do?

It linked island groups (Tonga, Samoa, Fiji)

What is Ali'i nui?

It referred to high chiefs in hawaii.

What was the Kingdom of Chimu like?

It was a strong kingdom in the area of Peru. They had irrigation networks and cultivated sweet potatoes and maize. They also had their capital at Chanchan with massive brick buildings.

IN their economy what technique did the Aztecs stylistically for agriculture?

It was called Chinampas where they turned the mud for their agriculture.

DescribeMexica society regarding warriors?

It was hierarchical, with warriors at the top of the social pyramid.Warriors were rewarded with money and goods and were mostly from the aristocracy

what is the Tenochtitlan and whose capital is it?

It was the Aztec capital. In addition is was encompassed by Lake Texaco (water and protection) causeways, good weapons, peaceful markets yet scary religious sacrifices in the temples.

Where did most of their army come from?

Mesoamerica

Where was Mexica?

Mesoamerica

Who was the five Iroquois nations?

Mohowk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca

Did the peoples settled in Americas have connection across the seas and why?

NO, the water separated them and the didn't yet have the maritime technology for that.

What language did the Mexica speak?

Nahuati Language

Did Inca society have a large economy/trade system?

No most people produced enough for themselves and there were few merchants.

What was the role of cultivators?

Peasants were cultivators who gave their surplus to rulers/public relief. They also participated in projects.

What was life like for aristocrats and priests?

Priests lived in temples ascetically and did rituals while aristocrats ("big ears") wore large earlobes and wore nice luxurious outfits.

What was the Polynesian religion about?

Priests were inter-people between commoners and gods. There were gods of war ad agriculture. Also the Marae was a huge pyramid to honor these gods.

What were two societies in North America? What were they like?

Pueblo and Navajo. These societies had maize and create stone/abode houses and had irrigation systems.

What language did the Incas speak?

Quecha

In Pacific Island what dynasty arose?

Sandeulur dynasty at POhnpei.

Where was the Mexica (Aztec) capital?

Tenochtitlan (Mexico city)

Who were the Mexica gods adapted from Mesoamerica?

Tezcalipoca "the smoking mirror" who gave and took life/warrior god and quetzalcoatl "the feathered serpent" who was the arts/culture god

What were the Toltec like and where was there capital?

The Toltec came after the collapse of Teotihuacan and made a large military, had a capital at Tula and maintained close relations with people of the gulf and Maya. They made subjects pay tribute for city and had an urban population. They lastly unified Mexico

IN Mexica Society who oversaw the conquered people?

The conquered people had control of themselves since they didn't have a large standing army.

What was the class of cultivators and slaves like? What did this group have to give to leaders?

The cultivators worked on lands and participated in large projects and palaces and worked on chinampas. Slaves were usually domestic servants. (criminals or sold by family) This group gave tribute to the government.

How did the Incas please these two gods? What was their moral thought?

The did ritual sacrifices of animals. They believed sin was a violation and one needed to confess to be forgiven and ones afterlife would be determined by life on earth.

Why did the Toltec's fall?

The fell due to ethnic conflicts (civil strife) a fire and nomadic invaders after1175

What did the Aztecs do in the fifteenth century? Who was the triple alliance between?

The launched attacks on their neighbors and conquered Oaxaco. The made alliances with Texcoco, and Tlacopan.

What was the priest class like?

The priests were right bellow the warriors and received special training in order to advise rulers, explain the world and read omens and kept track of calendar.

What were the Iroquois people like? Where were the five Iroquois nations centered?

The were an agricultural society in eastern woodlands. The women were the head of the house and the men hunted animals for food.New york

How did the societies in Pacific become more complex and what was the social order like?

There was more specialization and the social classes were: higher chiefs, lesser, priests and commoners.

What did the Mound Building People do?

They built enormous mounds for rituals and burials. In addition they had a huge structure called Cahokia.

What were rules and regulations of women?

They could not own property and were under authority of their husband/father. But some women participated in commerce and trade.

What did powerful chiefs in Pacific Islanddo?

They created centralized states in Tonga and Hawaii. They also created armies

What was the Kingdom of Chucito like? (chew)

They dominated Lake Titcaca and herded llamas and alpacas and potatoes and cocoa leaves.

What was their military and political system like?

They had a bureacracy, elite ruling, their ilitary was their administration and showed importance through a large military and defeated people like chimu.

How was the political Aztec Empire?

They had no bureaucracy and little organization but assembled armies, which were unbeatable, as needed.

Why do we know little about the Mound Building people?

They had no written records and real showing of their existence

How did Inca society travel/communicate?

They had roads and runners who carried information and spread quecha language

What were the societies of Oceania's cultural and religious traditions?

They made myths about geography and existence, and they were concerned about the environment.

How did the Aztecs have enough money for their empire and military?

They made their subjects pay tribute.

What lake did the Incas settle around and who was their leader?

They settled around Lake Titicaca in Andean and their leader was Pachacuti.

What were states in south america like?

They were autonomous regional states

IN Inca society what was the role of the ruling elites?

They were chief rulers and governed as the sun god and owned everything on earth and after their death would be mummified and asked about issues.

How were artisans and merchants treated?

They were treated terribly because they did not produce anything but took credit for others work. Artisans had sill to be valued.

How did they show their sacrifice to the gods?

They would hold up the heart after a sacrifice. In addition in their capital they had a temple which was encompassed by thousands of sacrificed skulls.

What were the Mexica Aztecs known for? Why did they move to Mexico City?

They would kidnap women and use them for sacrifices and steal land, They moved to Mexico since they were previously kicked from everywhere else.

What was Quipu?

This was where they knotted strings together to make a script for taxes or recording history.

Describe women's role in Mexica society?

Women had no role in society other than taking care of the family and respecting their men . In addition they had some honor in being the creator of a warrior.

What did Long Distance trade do for the Pacific Islanders?

it promoted trade, like receiving sweet potatoes (new staple crop), people settled on Hawaiian islands, settled Easter island.

Who were the people of Oceania?

nomads of australia

What type of agriculture did the societies of Oceania have?

they did no have an agriculture based economy but were still very nomadic. They had limited trade with mariners of New Guinea.

Was the Inca centralized and have a standing army?

yes