Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune system

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A typical adult has about how many lymph nodes?

450

The pharyngeal tonsil is represented by the letter ______ in the figure.

A

Which areas of an antibody determine specificity?

A

Which are features of lymphatic vessels?

A tunica interna is present Valves are present Smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall

In natural _______immunity, the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen.

Active

When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen, it is exhibiting what type of immunity?

Active

Antibodies provide an important defense against bacteria when they bind two or more cells together. What is this immobilization called?

Agglutination

What is hypersensitivity?

An excessive and harmful reaction to antigens

A patient who is immunodeficient would have which of the following?

An underactive immune system

The germinal center is represented in the figure by which letter?

C

Which describes lymphatic capillaries?

Closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells

What class of chemical agents do interleukins and interferons belong to?

Cytokines

Which T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting perforins and granzymes?

Cytotoxic

Which T cells carry out attacks on foreign cells?

Cytotoxic

Which cells induce cytolysis by secreting perforin?

Cytotoxic T cells NK cells

What are the beneficial effects of fever?

Elevated metabolic rate Elevated interferon activity Inhibition of bacterial and viral replication

What does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of?

External barriers

True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.

False

True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.

False

True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.

False

True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.

False

What are functions of lymph nodes?

Filtration of lymph Site of B and T cell activation

NK cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells by secreting which protein-degrading enzymes?

Granzymes

Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting which of the following?

Granzymes Interferons Tumor necrosis factor Perforins

Hyperemia is the basis for which cardinal inflammatory signs?

Heat Redness

____ T cells perform a central coordinating role in both humoral and cellular immunity.

Helper

Which T cell plays an integral role in both humoral and cell mediated immunity?

Helper T cell

Which area of the spleen is penetrated by the splenic artery and vein?

Hilum

Basophils and mast cells release __________, which increases blood flow and speeds the delivery of leukocytes to an area.

Histamine

What are three inflammatory mediators released by basophils and mast cells?

Histamine Leukotriene Heparin

Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete?

Humoral

Where is body temperature regulated?

Hypothalamus

MHC class ______ proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein.

I

Class ______ MHC proteins occur only on APCs.

II

What are the lymphatic system's main functions?

Immunity, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery

B cells or T cells that are mature and are capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs are described as _____.

Immunocompeten

What is it called when mature T-cells become capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs?

Immunocompetence

______ refers to the inability to produce a normal immune response, resulting from a lack of immune cells or other immune mediators such as complement.

Immunodeficiency

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs that accompany which process?

Inflammation

Which type of defense guards against a broad range of pathogens?

Innate

Which substance induces the production of antiviral proteins?

Interferon

What are three antimicrobial proteins?

Interferon Defensin Complement

Cytokines known as _____ inhibit the viral infection of neighboring cells as well as activate NK cells and macrophages.

Interferons

Which class of cytokines promotes the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells?

Interleukins

Which are characteristics of a secondary immune response?

It occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen. Antibodies first appear within hours, peaking at day 3. IgG antibodies are formed first.

Which are characteristics of a primary immune response?

It occurs with the first exposure to an antigen. IgM antibodies are formed first. Antibodies first appear 3-6 days after exposure, peaking at day 10.

What is the tough protein of skin that few pathogens can penetrate?

Keratin

Where are complement proteins synthesized?

Liver

Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which of the following?

Lymphatic organs

The thymus is considered part of which body systems?

Lymphatic system Endocrine system Immune system

What do lymphatic collecting vessels converge to form?

Lymphatic trunks

Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?

Lymphatic vessel

The proteins on the surface of APCs that function to present antigens to other cells are called the ______.

MHC proteins

Which describe MHC proteins?

MHC proteins present endogenous antigens. MHC proteins function as self identity markers. MHC proteins present exogenous antigens.

Once a B cell binds an antigen, it phagocytizes it and displays antigen fragments on what molecules?

MHC-II proteins

What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?

Macrophages

Which cells function as antigen presenting cells?

Macrophages Dendritic cells

During the inflammatory response, leukocytes traveling through the blood adhere to the blood vessel walls by which process?

Margination

What are two cell types that secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins, thus inducing the inflammatory response?

Mast cells Basophils

When reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness. Which characteristic of immunity is is this?

Memory

_____ T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity.

Memory

______ T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity.

Memory

Which T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and responsible for subsequent immune responses to the same antigen?

Memory T cells

The accumulation of dead cells, fluid, and tissue debris is called _______.

Pus

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

Red bone marrow

Which are primary lymphatic organs?

Red bone marrow Thymus

Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation in what part of the spleen?

Red pulp

_____ T cells inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells, and thus limit immune responses.

Regulatory

Which T cell inhibits multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells and thus limits immune responses?

Regulatory T cell

Which collecting duct drains lymph from the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax?

Right lymphatic duct

Which collecting duct receives the least amount of lymph?

Right lymphatic duct

Which line of defense consists of several nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens that break through the skin or mucous membranes?

Second

What is the third line of defense against pathogens?

Specific defenses

Which characteristic describes how immunity is directed against a particular pathogen, and that immunity to one pathogen usually does not confer immunity to others?

Specificity

What is the body's largest lymphatic organ?

Spleen

______ lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish maturation in the thymus.

T

Which are types of lymphocyte?.

T cell B cell NK cell

Most lymphocytes circulating in blood are ______.

T cells

Which class of lymphocyte matures in the thymus?

T cells

Why do memory T cells allow for a faster immune response when the body is exposed to the same antigen again?

There are fewer steps to activation. There are more of them.

Which describe allergens.

They can occur in mold, dust, and pollen. They are environmental antigens. They induce allergies.

Which line of defense not only defeats a pathogen but also leaves the body with a "memory" of it?

Third

Which duct drains the most lymph?

Thoracic duct

Where do T cells mature?

Thymus

Bacteria and viruses are examples of pathogens.

True

True or false: Interleukins are a class of cytokines secreted by a variety of cells which function to promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.

True

What is required for activation of a B cell?

Usually, it must bind a helper T cell. It must bind an antigen on several surface receptors.

What does hyperemia result from?

Vasodilation

Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?

Veins

When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?

When it enters the lymphatic capillaries

Molecules that function to render antigens harmless by neutralization, complement fixation, agglutination and precipitation are called ______.

antibodies

A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.

antigen presenting

A fever reducing agent is called a(n) ______.

antipyretic

Fever inhibits the production of ______.

bacteria

Natural killer cells attack ______.

cancerous cells transplanted tissues bacteria virus infected host cells

Lymphatic vessels are absent from ______.

cartilage and bone

_____T cells attack foreign cells.

cytotoxic

When a neutrophil discharges its enzymes into the tissue fluid, they are said to ______.

degranulate

The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting ______.

duct

Examples of pathogens are ______.

fungi viruses bacteria

Which is an anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells?

heparin

B cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity and T cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity.

humoral, cell-mediated

An excessive harmful reaction to antigens is called ______.

hypersensitivity.

The ______, part of the brain, regulates and maintains body temperature. Its set point is elevated during a fever.

hypothalamus

Alveolar macrophages are found in the ______.

lungs

The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called _______.

lymp

Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of ______.

lymphocytes

Cells derived from monocytes that function as phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells are called

macrophages.

The characteristic of immunity termed _____ describes how, when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness.

memory

The characteristic of immunity termed ______ describes how, when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness.

memory

Which is a fixed macrophage in the central nervous system?

microglia

Macrophages are ______ cells.

phagocytic

The T cell ______ response allows memory cells to mount a faster response upon exposure to the same pathogen later.

recall

Hemopoiesis occurs in the _______ bone marrow.

red

The two collecting ducts are the ______ ducts.

right and thoracic

Fever and inflammation belong to the body's ______ line of defense.

second

The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.

secondary

The characteristic of immunity describing how it is directed against a particular pathogen is ______.

specificity

The large lymphatic organ located near the diaphragm, stomach, and left kidney is the ______.

spleen

The ______ pulp is the portion of the spleen surrounding the splenic artery, which consists of lymphocytes and macrophages monitoring for blood-borne pathogens.

white

Match each type of immunity with the correct example.

- Natural active immunity > A person develops resistance to a virus picked up from a drinking fountain.- Artificial active immunity > A person is given an attenuated smallpox virus and develops resistance._ Natural passive immunity > A baby acquires resistance to a virus through antibodies obtained through breast milk.- Artificial passive immunity > An antibody is injected into a person who has been bitten by a snake. The antibody infers resistance.

The respiratory burst by neutrophils leads to the production of which of the following?

-Hydrogen peroxide-Hypochlorite-Superoxide anion

What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?

.Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes

Place the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order.

1. Afferent lympathtic Vessel 2. Subcapsular sinus of the cortex 3. Sinuses of cortext and medulla 4. Efferent lymphatic vessel

How many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body?

11

Match each letter with its anatomical name.

A matches Choice, Afferent lymphatic vessel Afferent lymphatic vessel B matches Choice, Efferent lymphatic vessel Efferent lymphatic vessel C matches Choice, Germinal center Germinal center D matches Choice, Lymphatic nodule Lymphatic nodule

What is artificial active immunity?

Acquiring one's own immunity against an attenuated pathogen

Which cells carry MHC class II proteins?

APCs

What are possible causes for a lack of self tolerance?

Abnormal exposure to self antigens Cross reactivity between similar antigens Alteration of self antigens

What are three functions of the lymphatic system?

Absorption of lipids Fluid recovery from tissues Immunity

Humoral immunity is mediated by ______ lymphocytes.

B

Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n) _____.

Antigen

Cells that phagocytize antigens and display antigenic fragments on their surface are called _______ presenting cells.

Antigen

What is any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response called?

Antigen

Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface?

Antigen-presenting cell

Interferons, complement, defensins and granzymes are examples of which of the following?

Antimicrobial proteins

Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins and are generally called what?

Antipyretics

To confirm exposure to an antigen what is measured to demonstrate that an immune response has occurred?

Antibody titer

What is the level of antibody present in the blood plasma called?

Antibody titer

____diseases result from failures of self-tolerance.

Autoimmune

The lymphocyte that mediates humoral immune responses and differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cells is the ______.

B cell

Place the flow of fluid in order, beginning with blood in the blood capillaries.

Blood capillaries, Interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts, then subclavian veins.

Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic

Capillaries

What do lymphatic trunks converge to form?

Collecting ducts

Which proteins found in blood are involved in the nonspecific defense against pathogens?

Complement

On the image, which area of an antibody determines its class?

D

Which of the following forms pus?

Dead neutrophils and macrophages

What is the exocytosis of lysosomal contents by neutrophils called?

Degranulation

Leukocytes crawl through gaps between endothelial cells into the tissue fluid by means of a process called _____.

Diapedesis

A(n) _________ migrates into the tissues where it transforms into a macrophage.

Monocyte

Which leukocyte transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues?

Monocyte

What does MALT stand for?

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Which describes a neutrophil?

Multi-lobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules

A T cell which has undergone positive and negative selection but has not become activated by an antigen is said to be _______.

Naive

What is a mature T-cell that has not been activated by an antigen called?

Naive

The _______ killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.

Natural

Antibodies function to render antigens harmless by which of the following?

Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation Complement fixation

______ are granulocytes with a multi-lobed nucleus that destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals.

Neutrophils

Where are type I MHC proteins found?

On all nucleated body cells

The components of the lymphatic system are the lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic nodes and lymphatic

Organs

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Pain Heat Redness Swelling

In artificial ______ immunity, the body is injected with antibodies from another person or an animal.

Passive

When the body acquires antibodies from another person or an animal that has developed its own immunity to the pathogen, this type what type of immunity?

Passive

A _______ cell produces antibodies.

Plasma

_____ cells secrete antibodies.

Plasma

Which cell produces antibodies?

Plasma cell

Which cells produce antibodies?

Plasma cells

List the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites.

Produce hydrogen peroxide Produce superoxide anion

Cellular immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells, while humoral immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells.

T, B

Which features of skin offer immunoprotection?

The presence of lactic acid The presence of defensins The presence of a continuous barrier to the external environment

Which factors cause or contribute to the flow of lymph?

The skeletal muscle pump Valves The respiratory pump

Which bone marrow is mainly adipose tissue?

Yellow

The type of defense that provides future protection against a pathogen is called ______ immunity.

adaptive

Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels. Multiple choice question.

afferent, efferent

The clumping of cells by antibodies is called ______.

agglutination

Antigens which induce hypersensitivity responses are called

allergens

Antigens which induce hypersensitivity responses are called _____.

allergens

Skin belongs to the body's ______ line of defense.

first

The external barrier that is coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as lactic acid, dermicidin, and defensins is ______.

the skin

The duct that drains lymph from the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb and the left side of the head neck and thorax is the ______.

thoracic duct

The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the ______.

thymus

The organ where T-cells mature is the ______.

thymus

The ______ are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, where they guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens.

tonsils

The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as ______.

valves


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